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Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy

E-BookPDF1 - PDF WatermarkE-Book
Englisch
Springer New Yorkerschienen am02.12.20092010
Concerns about energy security, uncertainty about oil prices, declining oil reserves, and global climate change are fueling a shift towards bioenergy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Public policies and private investments around the globe are aiming to increase local capacity to produce biofuels. A key constraint to the expansion of biofuel production is the limited amount of land available to meet the needs for fuel, feed, and food in the coming decades. Large-scale biofuel production raises concerns about food versus fuel tradeoffs, about demands for natural resources such as water, and about potential impacts on environmental quality.

The book is organized into five parts. The introductory part provides a context for the emerging economic and policy challenges related to bioenergy and the motivations for biofuels as an energy source. The second part of the handbook includes chapters that examine the implications of expanded production of first generation biofuels for the allocation of land between food and fuel and for food/feed prices and trade in biofuels as well as the potential for technology improvements to mitigate the food vs. fuel competition for land. Chapters in the third part examine the infrastructural and logistical challenges posed by large scale biofuel production and the factors that will influence the location of biorefineries and the mix of feedstocks they use. The fourth part includes chapters that examine the environmental implications of biofuels, their implications for the design of policies and the unintended environmental consequences of existing biofuel policies. The final part presents economic analysis of the market, social welfare, and distributional effects of biofuel policies.mehr

Produkt

KlappentextConcerns about energy security, uncertainty about oil prices, declining oil reserves, and global climate change are fueling a shift towards bioenergy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Public policies and private investments around the globe are aiming to increase local capacity to produce biofuels. A key constraint to the expansion of biofuel production is the limited amount of land available to meet the needs for fuel, feed, and food in the coming decades. Large-scale biofuel production raises concerns about food versus fuel tradeoffs, about demands for natural resources such as water, and about potential impacts on environmental quality.

The book is organized into five parts. The introductory part provides a context for the emerging economic and policy challenges related to bioenergy and the motivations for biofuels as an energy source. The second part of the handbook includes chapters that examine the implications of expanded production of first generation biofuels for the allocation of land between food and fuel and for food/feed prices and trade in biofuels as well as the potential for technology improvements to mitigate the food vs. fuel competition for land. Chapters in the third part examine the infrastructural and logistical challenges posed by large scale biofuel production and the factors that will influence the location of biorefineries and the mix of feedstocks they use. The fourth part includes chapters that examine the environmental implications of biofuels, their implications for the design of policies and the unintended environmental consequences of existing biofuel policies. The final part presents economic analysis of the market, social welfare, and distributional effects of biofuel policies.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781441903693
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark
FormatE107
Erscheinungsjahr2009
Erscheinungsdatum02.12.2009
Auflage2010
ReiheNatural Resource Management and Policy
Reihen-Nr.33
SpracheEnglisch
IllustrationenXIV, 439 p. 88 illus.
Artikel-Nr.1011739
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Acknowledgments;5
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;9
4;Part I Introduction;13
4.1;1 Bioenergy Economics and Policy: Introduction and Overview;14
4.1.1;1.1 Next-Generation Energy Technologies: Options and Possibilities;16
4.1.2;1.2 Integration Between Energy and Agricultural Markets;17
4.1.3;1.3 Designing the Infrastructure for Biofuels;19
4.1.4;1.4 Environmental Effects of Biofuels and Biofuel Policies;20
4.1.5;1.5 Economic Effects of Biofuel Policies;22
4.1.6;1.6 In Sum;24
4.2;2 Are Biofuels the Best Use of Sunlight?;25
4.2.1;2.1 Introduction;25
4.2.2;2.2 From Solar Energy Input to Useful Energy Output;27
4.2.3;2.3 Biofuel Energy Conversion;28
4.2.4;2.4 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion;30
4.2.5;2.5 Photovoltaics and the Transportation Sector;32
4.2.6;2.6 Comparing the Costs of Energy from Biofuels and Photovoltaics;33
4.2.7;2.7 Concluding Remarks;34
4.2.8;References;34
4.3;3 Perennial Grasses as Second-Generation Sustainable Feedstocks Without Conflict with Food Production;36
4.3.1;3.1 Introduction;36
4.3.2;3.2 Ideal Feedstock Characteristics;37
4.3.3;3.3 Perennial Growth Habit;37
4.3.4;3.4 C4 Photosynthetic Pathway;38
4.3.5;3.5 Long Canopy Duration;38
4.3.6;3.6 Limited Pest and Disease Incidence;39
4.3.7;3.7 Nutrient Recycling;39
4.3.8;3.8 High Water Use Efficiency;40
4.3.9;3.9 Low Herbicide Requirement;41
4.3.10;3.10 Noninvasive, Easily Eradicated from Existing Land;41
4.3.11;3.11 Uses Existing Farm Equipment;42
4.3.12;3.12 Feedstock Yield, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, and the World Food Supply;43
4.3.13;3.13 Conclusion;44
4.3.14;References;44
4.4;4 Present and Future Possibilities for the Deconstructionand Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass;47
4.4.1;4.1 Introduction: Current State of Technology;47
4.4.2;4.2 Advantages of Lignocellulosic-Based Biofuels;48
4.4.3;4.3 Status of Current Conversion Technologies: Pretreatment;49
4.4.4;4.4 Genomics for Producing New Microbes with Enhanced Characteristics for Fermentation: Synthetic Biology and Production of Advanced Biofuels;53
4.4.5;4.5 Genomics;54
4.4.6;4.6 Systems Biology and Metabolic Engineering;55
4.4.7;4.7 Conclusion;56
4.4.8;References;57
5;Part II Interactions Between Biofuels, Agricultural Markets and Trade;60
5.1;5 Price Transmission in the US Ethanol Market;61
5.1.1;5.1 Introduction;61
5.1.2;5.2 The US Bioenergy Market;62
5.1.3;5.3 Price Relationships in the US Ethanol Industry;64
5.1.4;5.4 Methodology;66
5.1.5;5.5 Results;68
5.1.6;5.6 Concluding Remarks;76
5.1.7;References;76
5.2;6 Biofuels and Agricultural Growth: Challenges for Developing Agricultural Economies and Opportunities for Investment;79
5.2.1;6.1 Introduction;79
5.2.2;6.2 Overview of Current Literature;82
5.2.3;6.3 Interactions Between Energy and Food Markets;83
5.2.4;6.4 Drivers of Change in Food Systems;85
5.2.4.1;6.4.1 Socio-economic Factors;86
5.2.4.2;6.4.2 Policy Drivers;86
5.2.5;6.5 Quantitative Illustration of Biofuels Impacts on Food;87
5.2.5.1;6.5.1 Model Specification;87
5.2.5.2;6.5.2 Baseline Results with Biofuels;89
5.2.5.3;6.5.3 Impacts of Yield Improvements;92
5.2.6;6.6 Implications for Food Security and Policy;93
5.2.7;References;94
5.3;7 Prospects for Ethanol and Biodiesel, 2008 to 2017 and Impacts on Agriculture and Food;97
5.3.1;7.1 Introduction;97
5.3.2;7.2 Assumptions for the Baseline Scenario;98
5.3.3;7.3 Global Land Use and Commodity Stocks;100
5.3.3.1;7.3.1 US Crops;101
5.3.4;7.4 Key Biofuel Projections;105
5.3.4.1;7.4.1 Impacts on Livestock;108
5.3.4.2;7.4.2 Consumer Prices;109
5.3.5;7.5 Alternative Scenarios;110
5.3.5.1;7.5.1 Impact of the Alternative Scenarios;113
5.3.6;7.6 Prospects for Cellulosic Ethanol;115
5.3.7;References;116
5.4;8 The Global Bioenergy Expansion: How Large Are the Food--Fuel Trade-Offs?;118
5.4.1;8.1 Introduction;119
5.4.2;8.2 Stylized Facts on the Global Emergence of Biofuels;121
5.4.2.1;8.2.1 Biofuels in the United States;121
5.4.2.2;8.2.2 Biofuels in the World;121
5.4.2.3;8.2.3 Comparison Among FAPRI Outlooks: Catching Up with Reality and Policy Changes;122
5.4.3;8.3 Land Allocation Effects of Biofuel Expansion;125
5.4.3.1;8.3.1 US Expansion;125
5.4.3.2;8.3.2 Global Emergence Scenario;127
5.4.4;8.4 Trade-Offs Among Feed, Feed Crops, and Bioenergy;128
5.4.5;8.5 Trade-Offs Among Food, Food Crops, and Bioenergy;129
5.4.5.1;8.5.1 Meat and Dairy Consumption;129
5.4.5.2;8.5.2 Vegetable Oils;131
5.4.5.3;8.5.3 Sugar;131
5.4.5.4;8.5.4 Grains;133
5.4.6;8.6 Policies and Exogenous Factors Conditioning the Trade-Offs;133
5.4.7;8.7 Conclusions;135
5.4.8;References;137
5.5;9 Demand Behavior and Commodity Price Volatility Under Evolving Biofuel Markets and Policies;138
5.5.1;9.1 Assumptions About Long-Run Ethanol Market Behavior;138
5.5.2;9.2 Changing Market Relationships;141
5.5.3;9.3 Volatility of Markets;144
5.5.4;9.4 Energy Policy and Its Influence on Commodity Price Volatility;145
5.5.5;9.5 Calculating Volatility;148
5.5.6;9.6 Conclusion;152
5.5.7;References;152
6;Part III Designing the Infrastructure for Biofuels;154
6.1;10 Optimizing the Biofuels Infrastructure: Transportation Networks and Biorefinery Locations in Illinois;155
6.1.1;10.1 Introduction;155
6.1.2;10.2 The Biorefinery Connecting Feedstocks and Bioproducts;156
6.1.3;10.3 Biomass Transportation Networks and Biorefinery Locations;157
6.1.3.1;10.3.1 Road/Highway;158
6.1.3.2;10.3.2 Railroad;159
6.1.3.3;10.3.3 Waterways;159
6.1.3.4;10.3.4 Pipelines;159
6.1.4;10.4 The Optimal Biomass Transportation and Biorefinery Location Problem;160
6.1.5;10.5 Model Description;161
6.1.6;10.6 Model Specification and Data;163
6.1.6.1;10.6.1 Supply Input of Bioenergy;163
6.1.6.2;10.6.2 Multimodal Transportation Network and Cost Matrix;163
6.1.6.3;10.6.3 Cost Structure of Biorefineries;164
6.1.6.4;10.6.4 Ethanol Demand;165
6.1.6.5;10.6.5 Livestock Feed Demand;165
6.1.7;10.7 Model Results;165
6.1.8;10.8 Summary and Conclusions;171
6.1.9;10.9 Appendix: Model Notation and Equations;173
6.1.9.1;10.9.1 Subscripts;173
6.1.9.2;10.9.2 Factors and Parameters;173
6.1.9.3;10.9.3 Model Variables and Variable Types;174
6.1.9.3.1;Binary Variables;174
6.1.9.3.2;Nonnegative Variables;174
6.1.10;References;176
6.2;11 The Capital Efficiency Challenge of Bioenergy Models: The Case of Flex Mills in Brazil;178
6.2.1;11.1 Introduction;178
6.2.2;11.2 Literature Review;180
6.2.2.1;11.2.1 Measures of Capital Utilization;181
6.2.3;11.3 Methodology;182
6.2.4;11.4 Results;185
6.2.5;References;194
7;Part IV Environmental Effects of Biofuels and Biofuel Policies;196
7.1;12 Could Bioenergy Be Used to Harvest the Greenhouse: An Economic Investigation of Bioenergy and Climate Change?;197
7.1.1;12.1 Introduction;197
7.1.2;12.2 Modeling Background;199
7.1.2.1;12.2.1 Lifecycle Accounting;200
7.1.2.2;12.2.2 Leakage;201
7.1.3;12.3 Bioenergy Production Possibilities;202
7.1.3.1;12.3.1 Ethanol;202
7.1.3.2;12.3.2 Biodiesel;205
7.1.3.3;12.3.3 Biopower;206
7.1.4;12.4 Economics of Biofeedstock;206
7.1.5;12.5 Predicted Bioenergy Production;207
7.1.5.1;12.5.1 The Case of Ethanol;207
7.1.5.2;12.5.2 The Case of Biodiesel;211
7.1.5.3;12.5.3 The Case of Biopower;212
7.1.5.4;12.5.4 GHG Mitigation Strategy;214
7.1.5.5;12.5.5 Food Prices;216
7.1.6;12.6 Concluding Remarks;217
7.1.7;References;219
7.2;13 A Simple Framework for Regulation of Biofuels;221
7.2.1;13.1 Introduction;221
7.2.2;13.2 Categorizing Lifecycle Emissions;222
7.2.2.1;13.2.1 Direct Emissions;223
7.2.2.2;13.2.2 Indirect Emissions;224
7.2.3;13.3 Calculating Emissions;224
7.2.3.1;13.3.1 Calculation of Direct Emissions;224
7.2.3.2;13.3.2 Calculation of Indirect Emissions;227
7.2.3.3;13.3.3 Ex post Direct Emissions and Ex ante Indirect Emissions;227
7.2.4;13.4 A Target Number and a Framework for Regulation Given Uncertainty;228
7.2.5;13.5 Uncertainty in Calculation of Emissions;229
7.2.5.1;13.5.1 Modeling Direct Emissions with Uncertainty;229
7.2.5.2;13.5.2 Uncertainty in Indirect Emissions;230
7.2.6;13.6 Implementing This Framework;230
7.2.7;13.7 Policy;231
7.2.8;13.8 Conclusion;232
7.2.9;References;232
7.3;14 Market and Social Welfare Effects of the RenewableFuels Standard;234
7.3.1;14.1 Introduction;234
7.3.2;14.2 Related Literature;236
7.3.3;14.3 Background: Motor-Fuel Technology and Policy;238
7.3.4;14.4 Model;239
7.3.5;14.5 Numerical Analysis Methods and Parameters;243
7.3.6;14.6 Results;244
7.3.7;14.7 Sensitivity Analysis;248
7.3.8;14.8 Conclusions;249
7.3.9;References;251
7.4;15 USBrazil Trade in Biofuels: Determinants, Constraints, and Implications for Trade Policy;252
7.4.1;15.1 USBrazil Trade in Biofuels: Determinants, Constraints, and Implications for Trade Policy;252
7.4.2;15.2 Background;254
7.4.2.1;15.2.1 Related Literature;257
7.4.3;15.3 Welfare Effects of Biofuel Policies in the United States;258
7.4.3.1;15.3.1 Conceptual Framework;258
7.4.3.2;15.3.2 Empirical Model;261
7.4.4;15.4 Numerical Simulation Results;262
7.4.4.1;15.4.1 Welfare Effects with Market Power in Ethanol Trade;262
7.4.4.2;15.4.2 Welfare Effects with United States as a Price Taker in Ethanol Trade;264
7.4.5;15.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications;265
7.4.6;References;266
7.5;16 Food and Biofuel in a Global Environment;268
7.5.1;16.1 Introduction;268
7.5.2;16.2 Trade;269
7.5.3;16.3 Policy Considerations;274
7.5.3.1;16.3.1 Climate Change Policy;274
7.5.3.2;16.3.2 Land-Use Policy;277
7.5.4;16.4 Food Policy;280
7.5.4.1;16.4.1 Policy for Biofuel and Agriculture R&D;281
7.5.5;16.5 Conclusion;283
7.5.6;References;284
7.6;17 Meeting Biofuels Targets: Implications for Land Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Nitrogen Use in Illinois;288
7.6.1;17.1 Related Literature;290
7.6.2;17.2 The Model;292
7.6.3;17.3 Data;294
7.6.4;17.4 Results;299
7.6.5;17.5 Conclusions;304
7.6.6;References;304
7.7;18 Corn Stover Harvesting: Potential Supply and Water Quality Implications;307
7.7.1;18.1 Introduction;307
7.7.2;18.2 Data and Methods;309
7.7.2.1;18.2.1 Data;309
7.7.2.2;18.2.2 Economic Modeling;311
7.7.2.3;18.2.3 Modeling Environmental Impacts;314
7.7.3;18.3 Results and Discussion;315
7.7.4;18.4 Concluding Comments;320
7.7.5;References;321
8;Part V Economic Effects of Bioenergy Policies;324
8.1;19 International Trade Patterns and Policy for Ethanol in the United States;325
8.1.1;19.1 Introduction;325
8.1.2;19.2 Summary of US Ethanol Policy;326
8.1.2.1;19.2.1 Domestic Policy;327
8.1.2.2;19.2.2 Trade Policy;328
8.1.3;19.3 Expected Effects of the Tariff on the US Market Under Recent Market Conditions;330
8.1.3.1;19.3.1 Price Elasticity of Import Demand: Relationship with Other Market Parameters;330
8.1.4;19.4 Ethanol Import Patterns and the Elasticity of Supply of Imports in the United States;334
8.1.4.1;19.4.1 US Ethanol Imports and Data Sources;334
8.1.4.2;19.4.2 Statistical Specifications and Estimation Issues;336
8.1.4.3;19.4.3 Econometric Estimates of the Import Supply Elasticity;337
8.1.4.4;19.4.4 Interpretation of the Import Data in the Postduty Drawback Period;340
8.1.5;19.5 Implications for Changes in Import Tariff Policy;340
8.1.6;19.6 Further Consequences and Concluding Remarks;342
8.1.7;References;342
8.2;20 The Welfare Economics of Biofuel Tax Credits and Mandates;344
8.2.1;20.1 Introduction;344
8.2.2;20.2 Policy Objectives and Instruments;346
8.2.3;20.3 How Tax Credits Affect the Ethanol Market;347
8.2.4;20.4 The Economics of Biofuel Mandates;349
8.2.4.1;20.4.1 The Effects of a Tax Credit on Gasoline Consumption, CO 2 Emissions, and Miles Traveled;352
8.2.4.2;20.4.2 The Economics of a Biofuel Mandate and Tax Credit Combined;353
8.2.5;20.5 The Link Between the Corn and Ethanol Markets;355
8.2.5.1;20.5.1 How the Tax Credit Affects the Taxpayer Costs of Farm Subsidies;357
8.2.6;20.6 Concluding Remarks;358
8.2.7;References;360
8.3;21 Biofuels, Policy Options, and Their Implications: Analyses Using Partial and General Equilibrium Approaches;362
8.3.1;21.1 Introduction;362
8.3.2;21.2 Policy Background and the Ethanol Boom;364
8.3.3;21.3 Future Ethanol Expansion and Alternative Policy Options;367
8.3.3.1;21.3.1 Ethanol Production;368
8.3.3.2;21.3.2 Corn Production;369
8.3.3.3;21.3.3 Corn price;369
8.3.3.4;21.3.4 Corn Exports;371
8.3.3.5;21.3.5 Policy Costs;371
8.3.4;21.4 Global Biofuels Impacts;373
8.3.5;21.5 Conclusions;378
8.3.6;References;378
8.4;22 Welfare and Equity Implications of Commercial Biofuel;381
8.4.1;22.1 Introduction;382
8.4.2;22.2 Price Effects on Poverty and Inequality;384
8.4.3;22.3 Multiplier Estimation of Price Vulnerability;389
8.4.4;22.4 General Equilibrium Estimation of Price Vulnerability;393
8.4.5;22.5 Conclusions and Extensions;395
8.4.6;References;396
8.5;23 European Biofuel Policy: How Far Will Public Support Go?;397
8.5.1;23.1 Introduction;397
8.5.2;23.2 Biofuel Development in the EU;398
8.5.2.1;23.2.1 The Role of Public Policies;398
8.5.2.2;23.2.2 Biofuels Use in the EU Is Strongly Oriented Toward Biodiesel;402
8.5.2.3;23.2.3 Trade in Biofuels;403
8.5.3;23.3 How Far Can the EU Public Support to Biofuels Go?;406
8.5.3.1;23.3.1 Questions on the Future of Biofuel Policy;406
8.5.3.2;23.3.2 The Pressure on Land Use in the EU;407
8.5.3.3;23.3.3 Environmental Impacts of Biofuel Production;412
8.5.4;23.4 Conclusion;414
8.5.5;Appendix;415
8.5.6;References;416
8.6;24 Conclusions;420
8.7;Index;426mehr

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