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Environmental Role of Wetlands in Headwaters

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Englisch
Springer Netherlandserschienen am28.05.20062006
Aims to move towards a more comprehensive inventory of the benefits and costs of headwater wetlands. This book evaluates the research that tries to understand the tolerances, exchanges, checks and balances within headwater landscapes and the downstream impacts of changes in wetlands. It examines wetlands in their watershed management context.mehr
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KlappentextAims to move towards a more comprehensive inventory of the benefits and costs of headwater wetlands. This book evaluates the research that tries to understand the tolerances, exchanges, checks and balances within headwater landscapes and the downstream impacts of changes in wetlands. It examines wetlands in their watershed management context.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781402042287
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark
FormatE107
Erscheinungsjahr2006
Erscheinungsdatum28.05.2006
Auflage2006
ReiheNATO Science Series: IV:
Reihen-Nr.63
SpracheEnglisch
Dateigrösse8850 Kbytes
IllustrationenIX, 347 p.
Artikel-Nr.1425490
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Environmental Role of Wetlands in Headwaters;3
1.1;Contents;5
1.2;Preface;9
1.3;Headwater Wetlands;10
1.3.1;1. Introduction;10
1.3.2;2. Ramsar Convention;11
1.3.3;3. Headwater Control;12
1.3.4;4. Management;13
1.3.5;5. Policy;14
1.3.6;6. References;15
1.4;Mapping Wetlands in European Headwater Areas;16
1.4.1;1. Introduction;16
1.4.2;2. Developing a GIS for European environmental data;17
1.4.3;3. The critical contributing area and Headwaters;18
1.4.4;4. Mapping of European Headwaters;21
1.4.5;5. Wetlands in Headwater areas;22
1.4.6;6. Conclusions;24
1.4.7;7. References;24
1.5;The Role of Forest on The Hydrology of Headwater Wetlands;26
1.5.1;1. Introduction;26
1.5.2;2. Sediment Yield;27
1.5.2.1;2.1 General Remarks;27
1.5.2.2;2.2 Sediment Yield in Devastated Headwater Area;27
1.5.2.3;2.3 Sediment Production and Transport;28
1.5.3;3. Flood flow and forest coverage;31
1.5.3.1;3.1 Separation of Flood Runoff;31
1.5.3.2;3.2 Formation of a Hydrograph in a Headwater Area;33
1.5.4;4. Forest coverage and Water Yield;38
1.5.4.1;4.1 Effects of Forest Coverage on Water Yield;38
1.5.4.2;4.2 Development of a Synthetic Hydrological Model;39
1.5.4.3;4.3 Application of Hycymodel to a Small Headwater Area;42
1.5.4.4;4.4 Evaluation of Reforestation With Hycymodel;46
1.5.4.5;4.5 Hydrological Effects on Land Use Change;49
1.5.5;5. Estimates of Evaporation and Snowmelt by Energy Budget;50
1.5.5.1;5.1 Frame of Energy Budget Near The Land Surface;50
1.5.5.2;5.2 Svat Model for The Estimates of Evaporation and Snowmelt;51
1.5.6;6. Hydrology of Headwater Wetlands;54
1.5.7;7. Acknowledgement;55
1.5.8;8. References;55
1.6;Role of Grassland Ecosystems in Protection of Forested Wetlands;57
1.6.1;1. Introduction;58
1.6.2;2. Methods;59
1.6.3;3. Results;59
1.6.3.1;3.1 Acid Atmospheric Deposition;59
1.6.3.2;3.2 Succession of the Herbaceous Vegetation;61
1.6.3.3;3.3 Decline and Regeneration of Stream-water Chemistry;62
1.6.3.4;3.4 Reintroduction of Fish;64
1.6.4;4. Conclusion;65
1.6.5;5. Acknowledgements;65
1.6.6;6. References;65
1.7;The Effect of Peat Land Drainage and Afforestation on Runoff Dynamics:;67
1.7.1;1. Introduction;1
1.7.2;2. Peat land Drainage in Norway;68
1.7.3;3. Introduction to Hydrological Characteristics of Peat and Peat land;70
1.7.3.1;3.1 Definitions and Characteristics of Norwegian Peatland;70
1.7.3.2;3.2 Hydraulic Properties of Peat;71
1.7.3.3;3.3 Hydrological Features of Boreal Peat Lands;71
1.7.4;4. Review of hydrological consequences of peat land;73
1.7.4.1;4.1 Water Balance on Drained and Un-Drained Mires;73
1.7.4.2;4.2 Consequences of Draiage on Peak Flows;74
1.7.4.3;4.3 The Effect of Afforeststion on Runoff;75
1.7.4.4;4.4 The Effect of Ditch Degradation;77
1.7.5;5. Effect of drainage on runoff: analysis of governing factors;77
1.7.5.1;5.1 The Effect of Soil Moisture Storage in Attenuating Peak Flows;78
1.7.5.2;5.2 The Effect of Drains in Grnerating Peak Flows From Mires;79
1.7.6;6. Evaluation of the effects of plough drainage of peat land on flood peaks from Norwegian watersheds;80
1.7.7;7. References;81
1.8;Impact of Herbaceous Vegetation on Recoveery of a Harvested Headwater Catchment;84
1.8.1;1. Introduction;85
1.8.2;2. Method;86
1.8.3;3. Results;87
1.8.3.1;3.1 Erosion Patterns;87
1.8.3.2;3.2 Herb Layers at Studied Site;88
1.8.3.2.1;3.2.1. Shallow erosion rills;88
1.8.3.2.2;3.2.2. Middle erosion rills;88
1.8.3.2.3;3.2.3. Deep erosion rills;89
1.8.3.2.4;3.2.4. Dead forests;89
1.8.3.2.5;3.2.5. Clearings;89
1.8.3.3;3.3 Differences Between Site Groups;89
1.8.3.4;3.4 Effects of The Age of Rills;91
1.8.4;4. Conclusions;91
1.8.5;5. Acknowledgements;92
1.8.6;6. References;93
1.9;Leaching of Nitrogen from Upland Forest-Regenration sites into Wetland Areas;94
1.9.1;1. Introduction;94
1.9.2;2. Material and methods;95
1.9.3;3. Results;96
1.9.3.1;3.1 Clear-Cutting and Planting;96
1.9.3.2;3.2 Nitrogen Flow in Groundwater Outside the Site ;97
1.9.3.3;3.3 Natural Regeneration of Spruce;98
1.9.3.4;3.4 Natural Regeneration of Scots Pine;98
1.9.4;4. Discussion;99
1.9.5;5. Acknowledgement;100
1.9.6;6. References;101
1.10;Hydrology of Disturbed Peat-Land Heads of the valleys, Wales;102
1.10.1;1. Introduction;102
1.10.2;2. Previous Research;103
1.10.3;3. Historical Background;103
1.10.4;4. Site Description;104
1.10.5;5. Methods;107
1.10.6;6. Results;107
1.10.7;7. Discussion;108
1.10.8;8. Conclusion;110
1.10.9;9. References;111
1.11;Estimation of Water Budget in the Forested Peat-Lands of Western Ireland;113
1.11.1;1. Introduction;113
1.11.2;2. Importance of the study of water budget in forested peat lands of Ireland;114
1.11.3;3. Materials and Methods;115
1.11.4;3.1 Sitelocation;115
1.11.5;3.2 Materialsused;116
1.11.6;3.3 Methodology;116
1.11.6.1;3.3.1. Empirical method;117
1.11.7;4. Results and discussion;118
1.11.8;5. Conclusions;120
1.11.9;6. References;121
1.12;Role of the plankonic communities in the regulation and indication of eutrofication processes in shallow mountain wetlands;122
1.12.1;1. Introduction;122
1.12.2;2. Materials and Methods;123
1.12.2.1;2.1. SAMPLE COLLECTION;123
1.12.2.2;2.2. ABIOTIC PARAMETERS;123
1.12.2.3;2.3 BIOTIC PARAMETERS;123
1.12.3;3. Site description;124
1.12.4;4. Chemical variables;127
1.12.4.1;4.1 Temperature;127
1.12.4.2;4.2 Oxygen;128
1.12.4.3;4.3 Nutrients;128
1.12.4.4;4.4 pH;130
1.12.4.5;4.5 Biochemical and chemical oxygen demands (BOD and COD);130
1.12.5;5. Biological parameters;131
1.12.5.1;5.1 Phytoplankton;131
1.12.5.2;5.2 Bacterioplankton;134
1.12.5.3;5.3 Trophic state indices;135
1.12.6;6. Discussion;136
1.12.6.1;6.1 Chemical parameters;136
1.12.6.2;6.2 Biological parameters;137
1.12.7;7. Conclusion;138
1.12.8;8. References;138
1.13;New wetland formation in subsidence hollows of western dondass, ukraine;140
1.13.1;1. Introduction;140
1.13.2;2. Evolution of Koloks ;141
1.13.3;3. Western Donbass Coalfield Subsidence Hollows;141
1.13.4;4. Study Site and Methods;142
1.13.5;5. Results;142
1.13.6;6. Conclusion;145
1.13.7;7. References;145
1.14;Integrating wetlands into watershed management:effectiveness of constructed wetlands to reduce impacts from urban stromwater;147
1.14.1;1. Introduction;147
1.14.2;2. Key functions of wetlands in watershed management;149
1.14.3;3. Wetlands and Water Balances;150
1.14.4;4. Effectiveness of wetlands for storm-water quality improvement;151
1.14.5;5. Long-term challenges in using wetlands for storm-water management;153
1.14.6;6. An example of a constructed wetland that mitigates urban stormwater:Oakalla Biofiltration System, Burnaby, B.C, Canada;154
1.14.6.1;6.1 Site description;154
1.14.6.2;6.2. Methods;154
1.14.6.3;6.3. Results and Discussion;155
1.14.7;7. Conclusions;156
1.14.8;8. References;156
1.15;Disasters and Climate Change- Their Relation with Wetland Headwaters;159
1.15.1;1. Introduction;159
1.15.2;2. Natural disasters and their causes;160
1.15.3;3. Observation of natural disasters in Slovenia;161
1.15.3.1;3.1 catastrophic Landslide in the Upper Soca River Valley Log Pod Mangartom' Village;162
1.15.4;4. Prediction of natural disasters;162
1.15.5;5. Conclusions;163
1.15.6;6. References:;163
1.16;The Alleghe Lake (Dolomites, Italy): Environmental Role and Sediment Management;165
1.16.1;1. Introduction;165
1.16.2;2. Study area: lake formation and evolution;166
1.16.3;3. Social and economic influence of the lake;170
1.16.4;4. Sediment management and environmental problems;172
1.16.5;5. Concluding Remarks;174
1.16.6;6. Acknowledgements;176
1.16.7;7. References;176
1.17;Alpine wetlands from ecological network to land-based risk prevention:;177
1.17.1;1. A new approach to Alpine regions;177
1.17.2;2. Migration background versus present trends;178
1.17.3;3. The "Gray Zones" of Rural Landscape Dynamics;179
1.17.4;4. The Environmental Issues of a Vulnerable Landscape;181
1.17.5;5. Alpine Watersheds: topics for the future;182
1.17.6;6. Conclusion;183
1.17.7;7. Acknowledgement;184
1.17.8;8. References;184
1.18;Headwater resources and headwater hazards: perspectives from environmental education;185
1.18.1;1. Introduction;185
1.18.2;2. A Short Overview of the State of the Art of EnvironmentalEducation;187
1.18.3;3. The Environmental Education Concept of Galtür;190
1.18.4;4. Case Study: Implementing the Theme Headwater in Galtür;197
1.18.5;5. Transfer Possibilities to Other Mountain Headwater Areas;203
1.18.6;6. Outlook;203
1.18.7;7. Acknowledgements;204
1.18.8;8. References;204
1.19;Hydrology of wetlands in the headwaters of great african rivers;207
1.19.1;1. Wetlands in Africa;207
1.19.2;2. Dambo;209
1.19.3;3. Results of the conceptual approach;210
1.19.4;4. Dambo as a continuing challenge;211
1.19.5;6. References;214
1.20;Headwater wetlands in eastern and southern Africa;215
1.20.1;1. Introduction;216
1.20.2;2. Different Views about Headwater Wetlands;216
1.20.2.1;2.1. Donor and multilateral agency support;218
1.20.2.2;2.2. Communities-the main actors;218
1.20.3;3. The Need for Sustainable Management of Headwater Wetlands;219
1.20.4;4. Some Concluding Challenges in Headwater Wetland Management;220
1.20.5;5. References;221
1.21;Economic contribution of headwater wetlands:;225
1.21.1;1. Introduction;226
1.21.2;2. Highland Wetlands of South-west Ethiopia;227
1.21.3;3. Use and Dynamics of Headwater Wetlands;228
1.21.4;4. Development of Wetland Agriculture;229
1.21.5;5. Current Use of Wetlands;230
1.21.6;6. Wetlands and Food Security;232
1.21.7;7. Local Knowledge and the Potential for Sustainable Use;232
1.21.7.1;7.1. Degradation is occurring-evidence ex alan;232
1.21.7.2;7.2. Some evidence of sustainable use regimes;233
1.21.7.3;7.3. Evivence that pressure leading to neglect of principles;234
1.21.7.4;7.4. Communities need organisation;234
1.21.8;8. Conclusions;235
1.21.9;9. References;235
1.22;The lake kinneret drainage basin:;237
1.22.1;1. Introduction;237
1.22.2;2. Lake Agmon Water Chemistry;239
1.22.3;3. Lake Kinneret;239
1.23;Environmental change in headwater peat wetlands, UK;241
1.23.1;1. Introduction;242
1.23.2;2. Environmental Change in UK Peatlands: Human Impacts;242
1.23.3;3. Hydrological Effects of Environment Change in Headwater PeatLands;247
1.23.4;4. Hydrochemical Effects of Environment Change in HeadwaterPeat Lands;251
1.23.5;5. Climatological Effects of Environmental Change in Peat Lands;251
1.23.6;6. Reclamation of Peatlands;253
1.23.7;7. Conclusions;254
1.23.8;8. References;255
1.24;Environmenrt Problems of Headwater Wetlands;260
1.24.1;1. Introduction;260
1.24.2;2. Characteristic headwater wetland habitats in Hungary;261
1.24.3;3. Significance of headwater wetland habitats in Hungary;265
1.24.4;4. References;267
1.25;Headwater Wetlands in the Czech Republic;268
1.25.1;1. Introduction;268
1.25.2;2. Inventory of wetlands in the Czech Republic;269
1.25.3;3. Wetlands of international importance;269
1.25.3.1;3.1 Peatlands of the Sumava Mountains;269
1.25.3.2;3.2 Mires of the Giant Mountains;269
1.25.4;4. Policy;270
1.25.5;5. Changes in mountain forested wetlands;271
1.25.6;6. Conclusions;272
1.25.7;7. References;273
1.26;Analysis of the Water Balance of Small Paramo Catchments in South Ecuador;274
1.26.1;1. Introduction;275
1.26.2;2. Materials and Methods;276
1.26.2.1;2.1. Location;276
1.26.2.2;2.2. Monitoring;277
1.26.3;3. Results and Discussion;280
1.26.4;4. Conclusions;283
1.26.5;5. Acknowledgements;283
1.26.6;6. References;283
1.27;Summary Reports: Wetlands in Slovakia, Poland, Belarus, Slovenia and Canada;285
1.27.1;1. Headwater Wetlands in Slovakia (S. Markova);286
1.27.1.1;1.1. INTRODUCTION;286
1.27.1.2;1.2. THE RAMSAR WETLANDS;286
1.27.1.3;1.3. Wetlands Of International Importance (38,208 Hectares);287
1.27.1.4;1.4. Headwater Wetlands;287
1.27.1.4.1;1.4.1. Orava river and its tributaries:;287
1.27.1.4.2;1.4.2. Poiplie:;287
1.27.1.4.3;1.4.3. Rudava River Valley:;288
1.27.1.5;1.5 Policy;288
1.27.1.6;1.6 Wetlnd Management;288
1.27.1.7;1.7 Conclusion;289
1.27.2;2. Mountain Peat-Lands in Poland (K. Haponiuk-Winiczenko);289
1.27.2.1;2.1 Introduction;289
1.27.2.2;2.2 Inventory of Mountain Peat-Lands in Poland;290
1.27.2.3;2.3 Conclusion;291
1.27.3;3. Bogs Of Belarus: Geobotanical Structure, Condition andConservation (N. Zeliankevich and I. Berniakovich);291
1.27.3.1;3.1 Introduction;291
1.27.3.2;3.2 Bogs in Belarus;292
1.27.3.2.1;3.2.1. Subshrubs-Cotton-Grass-Spagnum;293
1.27.3.2.2;3.2.2. Scheuchzeria-Cotton-Grass-Sphagnum;293
1.27.3.2.3;3.2.3. Pine-Sedge-Sphagnum;293
1.27.3.2.4;3.2.4. Bushes-Cotton-Grass-Sphagnum;294
1.27.3.2.5;3.2.5. Sphagnum Wooded Swamps;294
1.27.3.3;3.3 Inventory of Peat in Belarus;295
1.27.4;4. Water Balance and Wetlands in Slovenia (A. Ho..evar);296
1.27.5;5. Headwater Wetlands in Canada (G. P. Kershaw);297
1.27.6;6. References;298
1.27.6.1;6.1 Slovakia;298
1.27.6.2;6.2 Poland;298
1.27.6.3;6.3 Belarus;298
1.27.6.4;6.4 Slovenia;298
1.28;Headwater and Wetland Protection: The Italian Legal Framework;299
1.28.1;1. Introduction;299
1.28.2;2. Ramsar Convention;299
1.28.3;3. Soil and Water Management Legislation;300
1.28.4;4. Current Developments;300
1.29;Next Generation of Watershed Management Programmes: Objectives and Expected Results;302
1.29.1;1. Introduction;303
1.29.2;2. Why Focus on Watershed Management?;303
1.29.3;3. Achievements and Existing Gaps in Watershed Management;304
1.29.4;4. Some Emerging Key Issues;305
1.29.5;5. Towards Effective Watershed Management;307
1.29.6;6. Elements of Next Generation Watershed Management Programmes;308
1.29.7;7. Conclusions and Recommendations;310
1.29.8;8. References;313
1.30;Conclusion-Wetlands in context;314
1.30.1;1. Introduction;315
1.30.2;2. The Mandate: Nairobi Declaration for the International Year of Freshwaters 2003;317
1.30.3;3. Role of Headwater Wetlands in Africa;320
1.30.4;4. Ramsar Convention (1971) - No Longer Strictly for the Birds ?;321
1.30.5;5. Headwater Control;325
1.30.6;6. Headwater Control Movement;326
1.30.7;7. Headwater Wetlands - Results;328
1.30.8;8. Conclusions;335
1.30.9;9. References;336
1.31;Erratum;1mehr

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