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KlappentextSchizophrenia remains an important challenge to psychiatry, with its causes and underlying brain mechanisms yet to be fully revealed. Currently available treatments are neither universally effective nor without unwanted effects. These aspects, together with the high prevalence of schizophrenia, its often debilitating nature, and the associated family and social burden, make this mental disorder one of the most complex public health issues of our times.

The purpose of the Advances in Schizophrenia Research series is to provide comprehensive periodic reviews of the wide range of research studies carried out around the world, with the dual purpose of solving the schizophrenia puzzle, and providing clues to new forms of treatment and prevention for this disorder. A special feature of the series is its broad scope, virtually encompassing all fields of schizophrenia research: epidemiology and risk factors; psychopathology; diagnostic boundaries; cognition; outcome and prognosis; pathophysiology; genetics; pharmacological and psychological forms of treatment and rehabilitation; community care; and stigmatization.

Details

Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781441909138

ProduktartE-Book

EinbandartE-Book

FormatPDF

Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark

FormatE107

Verlag

SPRINGER US

Erscheinungsjahr2009

Erscheinungsdatum12.11.2009

Auflage2010

Seiten465 Seiten

SpracheEnglisch

IllustrationenXV, 465 p.

Artikel-Nr.1443815

Rubriken

Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;10
4;Part I Epidemiology And Risk Factors;15
4.1;Incidence and Outcome of Schizophrenia Across the Globe;16
4.1.1; Introduction;16
4.1.2; Incidence of Schizophrenia;17
4.1.3; Migration and Risk of Schizophrenia;21
4.1.4; Urbanization and Neighbourhood;24
4.1.5; Outcome of Schizophrenia;26
4.1.6; Perspectives;28
4.1.7;References;28
4.2;Gene--Environment Interactions for Searchers: Collaboration Between Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics;31
4.2.1; Introduction;31
4.2.2; Ecogenetics;32
4.2.2.1; Ecogenetics in Psychiatry;32
4.2.2.1.1; Genetic Moderation of Sensitivity to Environment;33
4.2.2.1.2; Environmental Impact on DNA Sequence and Methylation;34
4.2.2.2; Gene--Environment Correlation;35
4.2.2.2.1; Confounding of GE by rGE;36
4.2.3; The Environment, Experimental Ecogenetics and Functional Enviromics;38
4.2.3.1; The Environment and Psychosis;38
4.2.3.2; Environmental Measurement and Experimental Ecogenetics;38
4.2.4; Box 1 Published Environmental Exposures for Psychosis for which G0E has been Suggested (M+, at least one positive meta-analytic estimate; M+/0, inconclusive meta-analytic estimate; M0, no meta-analytic estimate available);39
4.2.4.1; Functional Enviromics;41
4.2.5; Epidemiological GE Studies in Psychosis;42
4.2.5.1; Epidemiological Findings;42
4.2.5.2; Findings from Twin, Adoption and Family Studies;43
4.2.5.3; Studies Using a Psychometric Psychosis Liability Approach;43
4.2.5.4; Summary of Epidemiological GE Studies to Date;45
4.2.5.4.1; Epidemiological Replications of Gene--Urbanicity Interaction;45
4.2.6; Future Prospects;45
4.2.6.1; The Ideal Sample Size for GE Research;52
4.2.6.2; Biostatistics;52
4.2.6.3; Which Endophenotypes to Study?;53
4.2.6.4; Multiple Tests;53
4.2.7; Conclusion;54
4.2.8;References;55
4.3;The Natural History of the Course and Outcome of Schizophrenia;63
4.3.1; Background;63
4.3.2; Nature of the Symptom Trajectory Prior to Diagnosis of Disorder;64
4.3.3; A Dynamic Model of Psychosis Evolution: Proneness-Persistence-Impairment Hypothesis;66
4.3.4; Studies of the Course and Outcome of Psychosis: Evidence from Clinical Samples of Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia;66
4.3.5; Methodological Difficulties in Defining the Course and Outcome of Schizophrenia After Diagnosis;67
4.3.6; Evidence from Recent Meta-analytical Studies of Outcome of Schizophrenia;69
4.3.7; Future Directions;73
4.3.8;References;74
4.4;Impact of Contextual Environmental Mechanisms on the Incidence of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses;78
4.4.1; Introduction;78
4.4.2; Epidemiological and Clinical Scope of the Chapter;80
4.4.2.1; Defining Contextual Mechanisms and Variables;82
4.4.3; Variation in the Incidence of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses;83
4.4.3.1; Estimates of the Incidence of Schizophrenia;83
4.4.3.2; Individual-Level Variation in Incidence;84
4.4.3.3; Temporal Variation in Incidence Rates of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses;87
4.4.3.4; Geographical Variation in Incidence Rates of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses;88
4.4.4; The Role of Contextual Mechanisms on the Incidence of Schizophrenia;89
4.4.4.1; Context-Specific Environmental Exposure Variables and the Incidence of Schizophrenia;90
4.4.4.2; Context-Refining Environmental Exposure Variables and the Incidence of Schizophrenia;93
4.4.5; The Impact of Socioenvironmental Factors for Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses;96
4.4.6; Placing Contextual Mechanisms in Context: From Envirome to Epigenetics;97
4.4.7; Concluding Remarks: Future Directions;100
4.4.8;References;101
5;Part II Pathophysiology;108
5.1;Disinhibition of Prefrontal Cortex Neurons in Schizophrenia;109
5.1.1; Introduction;109
5.1.2; Dopamine Dysfunction in Schizophrenia;110
5.1.3; Glutamate Neurotransmission and Schizophrenia;111
5.1.4; GABA Neurotransmission and Schizophrenia;112
5.1.5; Disinhibition Hypothesis;113
5.1.6;References;116
5.2;Brain Anatomical Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: Neurodevelopmental Origins and Patterns of Progression over Time;122
5.2.1; Introduction;122
5.2.2; A Succinct Review of Postmortem Neuropathological Studies of Schizophrenia;123
5.2.3; In Vivo Structural Neuroimaging Studies: Detection of Volumetric Brain Abnormalities in First-Episode Schizophrenia;125
5.2.4; Association Between Focal Brain Developmental Abnormalities and the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia;127
5.2.5; Progression of Morphologic Brain Changes After the Onset of Psychosis;129
5.2.6; Are There State-Dependent Brain Structural Abnormalities in Schizophreniform Psychosis?;138
5.2.7; Brain Abnormalities Associated with the Conversion from Prodromal States to Psychosis;139
5.2.8; Progressive Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: Evidence from Studies Using Other MRI-Based Techniques;140
5.2.9; The Influence of Antipsychotic Treatment on the Progression of Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia;142
5.2.10; Novel Approaches: Association Between Gene Polymorphisms and Brain Structural Abnormalities in Schizophrenia;145
5.2.11; Concluding Remarks;146
5.2.12;References;147
5.3;The Neuropathology of Schizophrenia: Central Role for the Hippocampus?;158
5.3.1; The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia;158
5.3.2; The Aetiology of Schizophrenia: Implication of Genetic and Environmental Factors;159
5.3.3; Susceptibility Genes for Schizophrenia;160
5.3.4; Neuregulin 1 Gene and Its Effects on BrainHippocampal Function;160
5.3.5; Animal Models for Examining the Central Role of Hippocampus in Schizophrenia and the Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis;162
5.3.6; Neuropathological Findings of Hippocampus in Schizophrenia;163
5.3.7; Results from Design-Based Stereological Investigations;165
5.3.8; Resume: Hippocampus Is Involved in a Neuronal Network That Is Relevant for the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia;167
5.3.9;References;168
5.4;Molecular Neuroimaging, Pathophysiological Mechanisms, and Drug Discovery;175
5.4.1; Introduction;175
5.4.2; Dopamine Dysfunction in Psychosis;175
5.4.3; Glutamate Dysfunction in Psychosis;176
5.4.4; Endocannabinoids and Psychosis;177
5.4.5; Implications for Drug Development;178
5.4.6;References;178
6;Part III Genetics;181
6.1;Animal Models of Schizophrenia: Focus on Hippocampal Disruption of Dopamine System Regulation;182
6.1.1; Introduction;182
6.1.2; Glutamate and the Developmental Model of Schizophrenia;183
6.1.3; Hippocampal Dysfunction and Dopamine System Dysregulation;184
6.1.4; Amphetamine, Stress, and the Hippocampus;188
6.1.5; Stress as an Etiological Factor in the Development of Schizophrenia;189
6.1.6; Conclusion;190
6.1.7;References;191
6.2;Genetic and Proteomic Studies in Schizophrenia;199
6.2.1; Introduction;199
6.2.2; DNA Studies;200
6.2.2.1; Schizophrenia and DNA Polymorphisms: Association Studies;200
6.2.2.2; DNA Polymorphisms and Brain Morphometry Alterations: Genetic Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia;205
6.2.3; Gene and Protein Expression Studies in Schizophrenia;206
6.2.3.1; Serial Analysis of Gene Expression in Schizophrenia;207
6.2.3.2; Proteomic Studies;209
6.2.4; Summary and Conclusions;217
6.2.5;References;219
6.3;Neurogenetic Risk Mechanisms of Schizophrenia: An Imaging Genetics Approach;225
6.3.1; Introduction;225
6.3.2;References;235
6.4;Progress in Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia;239
6.4.1; Overview of the Current Status of Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia;239
6.4.2; Pharmacogenetics of Schizophrenia;242
6.4.3; Pharmacogenetics of Antipsychotic Treatment Response;243
6.4.4; Pharmacogenetics of Antipsychotic-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia;246
6.4.5; Pharmacogenetics of the Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain;247
6.4.6; Conclusions;248
6.4.7;References;249
7;Part IV Psychopathology, Cognition, Outcome;255
7.1;Prediction of Psychosis Through the Prodromal Syndrome;256
7.1.1; Introduction;256
7.1.2; Psychosis Prodrome and Clinical Prediction Algorithm;257
7.1.3; Neurobiological Markers of Vulnerability and Progression in the Psychosis Prodrome;260
7.1.4; Conclusions;264
7.1.5;References;265
7.2;Schizophrenia as a Cognitive Disorder: Recent Approaches to Identifying its Core Cognitive Components to Aid Treatment Development;272
7.2.1; Introduction;272
7.2.2; Issue 1: Why Are Cognitive Deficits Increasingly Believed to be Core Deficits in Schizophrenia?;272
7.2.2.1; Persistence over Time and Clinical State;272
7.2.2.2; Presence Among First-Degree Relatives;274
7.2.2.3; Cognitive Deficits Predict Onset of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder;274
7.2.2.4; Cognitive Deficits Predict Functional Outcome in Schizophrenia;275
7.2.3; Issue 2: What Are the Key Separable Domains of Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia from an Empirical Perspective?;276
7.2.3.1; Issue 3: What Partitioning of Cognitive Processes Might Bring Us Closer to Neural Underpinnings?;279
7.2.4; Issue 4: In Developing Treatments for Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia, Should We Focus on Separable Cognitive Processes or the Generalized Cognitive Deficit?;281
7.2.5; Summary and Implications;284
7.2.6;References;285
7.3;Cognitive and Social Processes in Psychosis: Recent Developments;288
7.3.1; Introduction;288
7.3.1.1; The Cognitive Approach;289
7.3.2; Cognitive Studies of Persecutory Ideation Using Virtual Reality;290
7.3.3; The Cognitive Understanding of Persecutory Delusions;293
7.3.3.1; Internal Anomalous Experience;293
7.3.3.2; Negative Affect;294
7.3.3.3; Reasoning;295
7.3.3.4; Combining the Factors;295
7.3.4; The Impact of Social Factors;297
7.3.5; Developing Treatments: An Interventionist Causal Model Approach;298
7.3.6;References;299
7.4;The Impact of Early Intervention in Schizophrenia;304
7.4.1; Introduction;304
7.4.2; What Is Early Intervention?;304
7.4.3; Impact of Early Intervention;305
7.4.3.1; Focus 1: The Prodromal Phase;305
7.4.3.1.1; Detection of ''The Prodrome'';305
7.4.3.1.2; Intervention in the UHR Stage;306
7.4.3.2; Focus 2: Reducing Duration of Untreated Psychosis;308
7.4.3.3; Focus 3: The First Episode of Psychosis and the Recovery Phase;310
7.4.3.3.1; Acute Phase;310
7.4.3.3.2; Recovery Phase;311
7.4.3.3.3; Family Interventions;312
7.4.3.3.4; Vocational Interventions;312
7.4.4; Further Issues;313
7.4.5; Future Directions Clinical Staging;314
7.4.6; Conclusion;315
7.4.7;References;316
7.5;The Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Architecture ofINTtie;Schizophrenia: Significance forINTtie;Diagnosis andINTtie;Intervention?;322
7.5.1; Introduction;322
7.5.2; Diagnosis and Classification: From Description to Function, to Brain Modules and Beyond?;323
7.5.3; Cognitive Function as a Criterion for Diagnosis, Course, and Prognosis?;325
7.5.4; Time for Early Diagnosis, Early Intervention and Prevention?;329
7.5.5; Conclusions;331
7.5.6;References;332
8;Part V Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: Boundaries and Similarities;336
8.1;Continua or Classes? Vexed Questions on the Latent Structure of Schizophrenia;337
8.1.1; Introduction;337
8.1.2; Review Aims and Method;339
8.1.3; Discontinuity in Clinical Features of Schizophrenia;340
8.1.4; Discontinuities in Biological Risk for Schizophrenia;345
8.1.5; Discontinuities in Psychometric Risk for Schizophrenia;346
8.1.6; Discontinuities in Schizophrenia Endophenotypes;352
8.1.7; Discussion;353
8.1.8;References;355
8.2;Integrating the Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia from the Street to the Striatum: Integrating the Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia;360
8.2.1; Striatal Dopamine as the Wind of Psychotic Fire;361
8.2.2; Age of Onset and Gender Distribution;361
8.2.3; Abuse of Drugs;362
8.2.4; Susceptibility Genes;363
8.2.5; Obstetric Events;364
8.2.6; Social Adversity;364
8.2.7; Conclusion;365
8.2.8;References;366
8.3;Cannabis: A Clue or a Distraction in the Searchfor `Causes' of Psychosis?;370
8.3.1; Introduction;370
8.3.2; A Glut of Narrative and Systematic Reviews;371
8.3.3; What Is a Cause?;372
8.3.4; Why Might Cannabis Use Be Associated with Schizophrenia?;372
8.3.5; Does Cannabis Use Influence the Prevalence of Psychotic Symptoms?;373
8.3.6; Does Cannabis Use Influence Remission from Psychosis?;373
8.3.7; Different Levels of Proof Are Required for Different Scenarios;374
8.3.8; Cannabis-Induced Apathy: What Are the Risks of Doing Nothing?;375
8.3.9; The Fertile Intersection Between Schizophrenia Epidemiology and Neurobiology;375
8.3.10; Conclusions;376
8.3.11;References;376
8.4;The `Totality' of Psychosis: EpidemiologyINTbreak; and Developmental Pathobiology;380
8.4.1; Introduction;380
8.4.2; The CavanMonaghan First-Episode Study;381
8.4.2.1; The Challenge of the 'Totality' of Psychosis;381
8.4.2.2; Major Post Hoc Diagnostic Nodes: Demographics and Psychopathology;382
8.4.2.3; Major Post Hoc Diagnostic Nodes: Long-Term Follow-Up;383
8.4.2.4; Major Post Hoc Diagnostic Nodes: Developmental Pathobiology;383
8.4.2.5; Epidemiology of the 'Totality' of Psychosis;384
8.4.2.6; Developmental Pathobiology of the 'Totality' of Psychosis;385
8.4.2.7; Synthesis;386
8.4.2.8;References;387
9;Part VI Treatment;389
9.1;Comparative Efficacy and Safety of First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Facts and Fiction;390
9.1.1; Introduction;390
9.1.2; Do First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics Differ in Efficacy?;393
9.1.2.1; Comparing FGAs and SGAs in Overall Efficacy;393
9.1.2.2; Comparing FGAs and SGAs in Neuroleptic-Refractory Patients;393
9.1.2.3; Do FGAs and SGAs Differ in Spectrum of Efficacy: Cognitive, Negative, and Mood Symptoms?;394
9.1.2.4; Making Sense of It All: What Might Explain Contradictory Findings About Differential Efficacy Between SGAs and FGAs?;395
9.1.3; Do First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics Differ in Adverse Effects?;395
9.1.4; Is the Categorization of Antipsychotics into FGAs and SGAs then Meaningful?;396
9.1.5; Atypicality Is Relevant but SGA/FGA Dichotomization Is Not;397
9.1.6; Implications for Clinical Practice;398
9.1.7; Conclusion;399
9.1.8;References;400
9.2;Long-Acting Antipsychotic Medication and the Outcomeof Schizophrenia;403
9.2.1; History;403
9.2.2; Early Use and Utilisation;404
9.2.3; Depots in Current Practice;405
9.2.4; Attitudes;407
9.2.5; Forensic Psychiatry;408
9.2.6; Future Prospects;409
9.2.7; Demonstration of Effect;409
9.2.7.1; Depots;409
9.2.7.2; Psychosocial Interventions;411
9.2.8; Conclusions;411
9.2.9;References;412
9.3;Modern Community Care Strategies for Schizophrenia Care: Impacts on Outcome;416
9.3.1; Development of the Community Mental Health Team (CMHT);417
9.3.2; Case Management and CMHTs;418
9.3.3; Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs);418
9.3.4; Specialised Teams for Schizophrenia Care;419
9.3.4.1; Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) Team;419
9.3.5; Box 1 ACT Programme Principles;421
9.3.6; Box 2 ACT Core components;421
9.3.6.1; Rehabilitation and Recovery Teams;421
9.3.6.2; Early Intervention Services (EIS) First-Episode Psychosis Teams;422
9.3.7; Dual Diagnosis and Vocational Rehabilitation Services;422
9.3.8; Physical Health Care;423
9.3.9; Community Treatment Orders: Outpatient Commitment;423
9.3.10; Informal Coercion;423
9.3.11; Conclusions;424
9.3.12;References;424
9.4;Does Stigma Impair Treatment Response and Rehabilitation inINTtie;Schizophrenia? The ``Contribution'' of Mental HealthProfessionals;427
9.4.1; A Comprehensive Concept of Stigma;428
9.4.2; The Impact of Stigmatisation on Social Networks of Mentally Ill;429
9.4.3; Do Mental Health Professionals Stigmatise Their Patients?;430
9.4.4; Self-Stigma;433
9.4.5; Discussion;434
9.4.6;References;435
9.5;Treatment of Schizophrenia: Discussion;438
9.5.1; New Drugs and Old;438
9.5.2; Depot Antipsychotic Drugs, Stigma, and Community Care;441
9.5.3;References;442
10;Index;443mehr

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From the reviews:"The book is a comprehensive update of the recent developments in schizophrenia research ... . book represents the state of affairs in schizophrenia research. ... The target audience includes 'professionals in clinical psychology, psychiatry, neuropsychology, and other mental health workers.' ... This book will provide readers with the current research findings in schizophrenia from the 'one diseasers' (analogous to the flat earthers!). However, researchers in schizophrenia will find it a useful reference." (Michael Joel Schrift, Doody's Review Service, May, 2010)mehr

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