Produkt

KlappentextThis book presents results of scientific studies ranging from hydrological modelling to water management and policy issues in the Nile River basin. It examines the physical, hydrometeorological and hydrogeological description of the basin along with analysis in understanding the hydrological processes of the basin under the changing land-use stemming from population pressure and increased natural resources tapping. The book discusses the increased impact of climate change on the river flows, and such issues as water availability and demand, management and policy to offset the imbalance between demand and available resources.

This book will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, water resources mangers, policy makers as well as graduate and undergraduate students. It is a useful reference text for ecohydrology, arid zone hydrology, hydrology of transboundary rivers and similar courses.

Details

Weitere ISBN/GTIN9789400706897

ProduktartE-Book

EinbandartE-Book

FormatPDF

Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark

FormatE107

Verlag

Springer Netherlands

Erscheinungsjahr2011

Erscheinungsdatum28.03.2011

Auflage2011

Seiten419 Seiten

SpracheEnglisch

IllustrationenXXVII, 419 p.

Artikel-Nr.1712813

Rubriken

Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Introduction: Hydrology of the Niles in the Face of Climate and Land-Use Dynamics;7
2.1;1 Nile River Basin Overview;7
2.2;2 Hydrometeorological Variability;8
2.3;3 Land Use/Land Covers Change and Land Degradation;11
2.4;4 Climate Change and Predicted Impacts on Available Water;12
2.5;5 Impacts of Climate Change to Economic and Other Sectors (Agriculture, Health, Energy);14
2.6;6 Adaptation Strategies to Future Climate Change Related Disasters;15
2.7;References;16
3;Contents;18
4;Contributors;21
5;Part I Hydrology and Water Budget;26
5.1;1 Hydrological Variability and Climate of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin;27
5.1.1;1.1 Introduction;27
5.1.2;1.2 Hydrometeorology;29
5.1.2.1;1.2.1 Air Temperature;29
5.1.2.2;1.2.2 Seasons;31
5.1.2.3;1.2.3 Rainfall;31
5.1.2.3.1;1.2.3.1 Rainfall Data;31
5.1.2.3.2;1.2.3.2 Monthly Rainfall Statistics;32
5.1.2.3.3;1.2.3.3 Monthly Rainfall Probability Distribution;34
5.1.2.3.4;1.2.3.4 Monthly Rainfall Return Periods;36
5.1.2.3.5;1.2.3.5 Annual Rainfall Statistics and Probability Distribution;39
5.1.2.3.6;1.2.3.6 Spatial Variation of Rainfall Over the Upper Blue Nile River Basin;41
5.1.3;1.3 Upper Blue Nile River Basin Features;42
5.1.3.1;1.3.1 Topography and Agroclimatic Zones;42
5.1.3.2;1.3.2 Soils;44
5.1.3.3;1.3.3 Land Cover/Use;45
5.1.4;1.4 Blue Nile River Basin Hydrology and Climate Teleconnections;46
5.1.4.1;1.4.1 Climatic Teleconnections;46
5.1.4.2;1.4.2 Climatic Indices;48
5.1.4.2.1;1.4.2.1 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Indices;48
5.1.4.2.2;1.4.2.2 Sunspot Numbers;49
5.1.4.3;1.4.3 Upper Blue Nile River Basin Rainfall and ENSO Relations;50
5.1.4.4;1.4.4 Upper Blue Nile River Flow at Bahr Dar and ENSO Relations;52
5.1.5;1.5 Lake Tana;53
5.1.5.1;1.5.1 Lake Tana Stage Variation;53
5.1.6;1.6 Blue Nile River and Tributaries Flow Patterns;55
5.1.6.1;1.6.1 High and Low Flow Analysis;55
5.1.7;1.7 Summary;58
5.1.8;References;59
5.2;2 Hydro-Meteorology and Water Budget of the Mara River Basin Under Land Use Change Scenarios;62
5.2.1;2.1 Introduction;62
5.2.2;2.2 Study Area;63
5.2.3;2.3 Hydrological Modeling and Water Balance;64
5.2.3.1;2.3.1 Description of SWAT Model;65
5.2.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 Hydrological Component of SWAT;66
5.2.3.1.2;2.3.1.2 Routing Phase of the Hydrological Cycle;67
5.2.4;2.4 Materials and Methods;67
5.2.4.1;2.4.1 Land Use Data Classification;67
5.2.4.2;2.4.2 Model Input;68
5.2.4.2.1;2.4.2.1 Digital Elevation Model;68
5.2.4.2.2;2.4.2.2 Soil Data;68
5.2.4.2.3;2.4.2.3 Land Use;69
5.2.4.2.4;2.4.2.4 Climate Data;70
5.2.4.2.5;2.4.2.5 River Discharge;72
5.2.4.3;2.4.3 Model Setup;73
5.2.4.3.1;2.4.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis;73
5.2.4.3.2;2.4.3.2 Latin Hypercube One Factor At a Time (LH-OAT) Analysis;74
5.2.4.4;2.4.4 Model Calibration and Validation;75
5.2.4.5;2.4.5 Model Evaluation;76
5.2.5;2.5 Results and Discussions;76
5.2.5.1;2.5.1 Hydro-Meteorological Analysis;76
5.2.5.2;2.5.2 Land Cover Mapping;80
5.2.5.3;2.5.3 Hydrological Modeling;83
5.2.5.3.1;2.5.3.1 Model Calibration and Validation;83
5.2.5.3.2;2.5.3.2 Changes in Water Balance Components;84
5.2.5.4;2.5.4 Land Use Change Scenarios;87
5.2.6;2.6 Conclusions;89
5.2.7;References;89
5.3;3 Hydrological Balance of Lake Tana, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia;92
5.3.1;3.1 Introduction;92
5.3.2;3.2 Study Area;93
5.3.3;3.3 Water Balance Terms from Observed Data;94
5.3.3.1;3.3.1 Meteorologic Balance Terms;95
5.3.3.2;3.3.2 Runoff from Gauged Catchments;96
5.3.3.3;3.3.3 Tana Outflow by the Blue Nile River;97
5.3.4;3.4 Methodology;97
5.3.4.1;3.4.1 HBV-96;97
5.3.4.2;3.4.2 Model Calibration;98
5.3.4.2.1;3.4.2.1 Objective Functions;98
5.3.4.2.2;3.4.2.2 Optimum Parameter Set;99
5.3.4.3;3.4.3 Establishing the Regional Model;100
5.3.4.3.1;3.4.3.1 Regression Analysis;101
5.3.5;3.5 Runoff Modelling;102
5.3.5.1;3.5.1 Runoff from Ungauged Catchments;102
5.3.5.2;3.5.2 Results of Gauged Systems;102
5.3.5.2.1;3.5.2.1 Model Calibration;102
5.3.5.2.2;3.5.2.2 Model Validation;105
5.3.6;3.6 Results on Regionalisation;106
5.3.6.1;3.6.1 Simple Linear Regression;106
5.3.6.2;3.6.2 Multiple Linear Regression;106
5.3.6.3;3.6.3 Validation of the Regional Model;106
5.3.6.3.1;3.6.3.1 Spatial Proximity;108
5.3.6.3.2;3.6.3.2 Area Ratio;108
5.3.6.3.3;3.6.3.3 Sub-basin Mean;108
5.3.7;3.7 Discussion and Conclusion;109
5.3.8;References;111
6;Part II Satellite Rainfall Estimation;113
6.1;4 Satellite Based Cloud Detection and Rainfall Estimation in the Upper Blue Nile Basin;114
6.1.1;4.1 Introduction;114
6.1.2;4.2 Methods;116
6.1.2.1;4.2.1 Rainfall Diurnal Cycle;116
6.1.2.2;4.2.2 Convective Cloud Tracking;117
6.1.3;4.3 Results;118
6.1.3.1;4.3.1 Rainfall Estimation;118
6.1.3.2;4.3.2 Diurnal Cycle;121
6.1.3.3;4.3.3 Convective Cloud Tracking;123
6.1.4;4.4 Discussion and Conclusion;126
6.1.5;References;127
6.2;5 Evaluation of Satellite Rainfall Estimates and Gridded Gauge Products over the Upper Blue Nile Region;129
6.2.1;5.1 Introduction;129
6.2.2;5.2 Study Region;130
6.2.2.1;5.2.1 Raingauge Data;130
6.2.2.2;5.2.2 Satellite Data;131
6.2.2.3;5.2.3 Gridded Gauge Products;133
6.2.3;5.3 Evaluation of Gridded and Satellite Rainfall Products;134
6.2.3.1;5.3.1 Evaluation of Monthly Satellite and Gridded Rainfall Products;135
6.2.3.2;5.3.2 Evaluation of Ten-Daily and Daily Satellite Rainfall Products;140
6.2.4;5.4 Summary and Conclusions;144
6.2.5;References;146
6.3;6 Are Satellite-Gauge Rainfall Products Better than Satellite-Only Products for Nile Hydrology?;148
6.3.1;6.1 Introduction;148
6.3.2;6.2 Data and Method;149
6.3.2.1;6.2.1 Study Region;149
6.3.2.2;6.2.2 SWAT Hydrologic Model;150
6.3.2.3;6.2.3 Performance Statistics;152
6.3.3;6.3 Results and Discussion;152
6.3.3.1;6.3.1 Comparison of Rainfall Inputs;152
6.3.3.2;6.3.2 SWAT Calibration Results (2003--2004);153
6.3.3.3;6.3.3 SWAT Validation Results (2006--2007);155
6.3.3.3.1;6.3.3.1 Simulation Results for Koga;156
6.3.3.3.2;6.3.3.2 Simulation Results for Gligel Abay;156
6.3.3.3.3;6.3.3.3 Comparison of Koga and Gilgel Abay Simulation Results;156
6.3.4;6.4 Conclusions;157
6.3.5;References;160
7;Part III GIS and Remote Sensing in Watershed Modeling;161
7.1;7 Watershed Hydrology of the (Semi) Humid Ethiopian Highlands;162
7.1.1;7.1 Introduction;163
7.1.2;7.2 Watershed Descriptions;164
7.1.3;7.3 Rainfall Runoff Characteristics for Monsoonal Climates;166
7.1.3.1;7.3.1 Analysis of Rainfall Discharge Data;166
7.1.3.2;7.3.2 Infiltration and Precipitation Intensity Measurements;168
7.1.3.3;7.3.3 Piezometers and Ground Water Table Measurements;170
7.1.3.4;7.3.4 Conceptual Model for Predicting Watershed Discharge;172
7.1.4;7.4 Simulation Results;174
7.1.5;7.5 Conclusions;177
7.1.6;References;178
7.2;8 Evapotranspiration Modeling Using Remote Sensing and Empirical Models in the Fogera Floodplain, Ethiopia;180
7.2.1;8.1 Introduction;181
7.2.1.1;8.1.1 Background and Literature Review;181
7.2.1.2;8.1.2 Objectives;182
7.2.2;8.2 Study Area;182
7.2.2.1;8.2.1 Climate;183
7.2.3;8.3 Materials and Data;184
7.2.3.1;8.3.1 Station Data;184
7.2.3.2;8.3.2 Remote Sensing Data;184
7.2.4;8.4 Theory and Methods;184
7.2.4.1;8.4.1 Ground Based Evapotranspiration Estimation Models;184
7.2.4.1.1;8.4.1.1 Penman-Monteith Method;184
7.2.4.1.2;8.4.1.2 Priestley-Taylor Method;185
7.2.4.1.3;8.4.1.3 Modified Makkink Method;185
7.2.4.1.4;8.4.1.4 Simple Abtew Equation;186
7.2.4.2;8.4.2 Surface Energy Balance Systems (SEBS);186
7.2.5;8.5 Results and Discussion;186
7.2.5.1;8.5.1 Reference Evapotranspiration;187
7.2.5.1.1;8.5.1.1 Priestley Taylor;187
7.2.5.1.2;8.5.1.2 Modified Makkink;187
7.2.5.1.3;8.5.1.3 Abtew Equation;188
7.2.5.2;8.5.2 Actual Evapotranspiration with SEBS;189
7.2.5.2.1;8.5.2.1 Comparison of Remote Sensing (RS) Actual ET to PM ET 0 ;189
7.2.5.2.2;8.5.2.2 Spatiotemporal Distribution of ET a over the Entire Floodplain;189
7.2.5.2.3;8.5.2.3 Spatiotemporal Distributions of Actual ET over Rice Fields;191
7.2.5.2.4;8.5.2.4 Single Crop Coefficient (Kc) for Rice Field;192
7.2.6;8.6 Conclusions and Recommendations;193
7.2.7;References;194
7.3;9 Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Fogera Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia;196
7.3.1;9.1 Introduction;197
7.3.2;9.2 Materials and Methods;200
7.3.2.1;9.2.1 Study Area Description;200
7.3.2.2;9.2.2 Data Collection;202
7.3.2.3;9.2.3 Methodology;202
7.3.3;9.3 Data Processing, Analysis and Result;205
7.3.3.1;9.3.1 Database Design;205
7.3.3.2;9.3.2 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis;205
7.3.3.3;9.3.3 Flood Hazard and Risk Analysis;208
7.3.3.3.1;9.3.3.1 Factor Development;208
7.3.3.3.2;9.3.3.2 Flood Hazard Analysis;210
7.3.3.3.3;9.3.3.3 Flood Risk Analysis;212
7.3.3.4;9.3.4 Flood Frequency Analysis;214
7.3.3.5;9.3.5 Discussion;219
7.3.3.5.1;9.3.5.1 Land Use/Land Cover Change and Flood Hazard and Risk;219
7.3.4;9.4 Conclusion;221
7.3.5;References;222
7.4;10 Soil Erosion Mapping and Hotspot Area Identification Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Northwest Ethiopian Highlands, Near Lake Tana;224
7.4.1;10.1 Introduction;224
7.4.1.1;10.1.1 Soil Erosion in Ethiopia;227
7.4.1.2;10.1.2 Factors Affecting Soil Erosion;228
7.4.1.3;10.1.3 Field Techniques for Soil Loss Measurement;230
7.4.1.4;10.1.4 Soil Loss Tolerance;230
7.4.2;10.2 Study Area and Methods;231
7.4.2.1;10.2.1 Study Area Description;231
7.4.2.2;10.2.2 Methodology;232
7.4.2.2.1;10.2.2.1 Topographic Transect Walk;232
7.4.2.2.2;10.2.2.2 The RUSLE Model;233
7.4.3;10.3 Results and Discussions;235
7.4.3.1;10.3.1 Soil Loss (Erosion);235
7.4.3.2;10.3.2 Spatial Variability of Soil Erosion in Relation to Topography;236
7.4.3.3;10.3.3 Soil Erosion in Relation to Land Use/Land Cover Types;237
7.4.3.4;10.3.4 Determination of Soil Erosion Prone Areas and Priority Setting for Planning and Implementation of SWC Measures;237
7.4.3.5;10.3.5 Validation of Estimated Soil Loss with Measured Values;239
7.4.4;10.4 Conclusions;240
7.4.5;References;240
8;Part IV Climate Varibility and Hydrologic Response;242
8.1;11 Application of Hydrological Models for Climate Sensitivity Estimation of the Atbara Sub-basin;243
8.1.1;11.1 Introduction;243
8.1.2;11.2 Models Description;245
8.1.2.1;11.2.1 HBV Model;245
8.1.2.2;11.2.2 Model Modification;245
8.1.2.3;11.2.3 Model Calibration;246
8.1.3;11.3 NFS Description;246
8.1.4;11.4 Atbara Catchment Area;247
8.1.5;11.5 Analysis;249
8.1.6;11.6 Results and Discussion;250
8.1.6.1;11.6.1 Calibration Process;250
8.1.6.2;11.6.2 Verification Process;251
8.1.6.2.1;11.6.2.1 Peaks Observed and Simulated Runoff (Calibration Process);251
8.1.6.2.2;11.6.2.2 Peak Observed and Simulated Runoff (Verification Process);252
8.1.6.3;11.6.3 Sensitivity Analysis;253
8.1.7;11.7 Conclusion;255
8.1.8;11.8 Recommendation;255
8.1.9;References;255
8.2;12 Climate Change Impact on Agricultural Water Resources Variability in the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia;257
8.2.1;12.1 Introduction;257
8.2.2;12.2 Materials and Methods;259
8.2.2.1;12.2.1 Study Area;259
8.2.2.2;12.2.2 General Circulation Models (GCMs);261
8.2.2.3;12.2.3 Climate Change Scenarios;263
8.2.2.4;12.2.4 Downscaling Methods;263
8.2.2.5;12.2.5 SWAT Model Description;266
8.2.2.6;12.2.6 Hydrological Model Input and Setup;267
8.2.2.7;12.2.7 Model Setup, Calibration and Evaluation of SWAT Model;270
8.2.3;12.3 Results and Discussion;270
8.2.3.1;12.3.1 Future Climate Change Projection;270
8.2.3.2;12.3.2 Hydrological Model Setup and Evaluation;273
8.2.3.3;12.3.3 Impact of Climate Change on Stream Flow;274
8.2.3.4;12.3.4 Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Water Resources;276
8.2.3.5;12.3.5 Implications of Climate Change Impact;277
8.2.4;12.4 Conclusion;278
8.2.5;References;279
8.3;13 Climatic Factors Modulating Nile River Flow;282
8.3.1;13.1 Introduction;282
8.3.2;13.2 Data and Methods;284
8.3.3;13.3 Results and Discussion;285
8.3.3.1;13.3.1 Temporal Analysis;285
8.3.3.2;13.3.2 Large-Scale Patterns;286
8.3.3.3;13.3.3 Examples of Local Forcing;291
8.3.4;13.4 Conclusions;293
8.3.5;References;294
9;Part V Water Resources Management, Allocation and Policy I;296
9.1;14 Hydrological Water Availability, Trends and Allocation in the Blue Nile Basin;297
9.1.1;14.1 Introduction;297
9.1.2;14.2 Variability in Blue Nile Basin;299
9.1.2.1;14.2.1 Rainfall Variability;299
9.1.2.2;14.2.2 Runoff Variability;301
9.1.2.3;14.2.3 Sediment Variability;302
9.1.3;14.3 Water Demand, and Trends in the Blue Nile Basin;304
9.1.4;14.4 Demand and Variability Management;307
9.1.5;14.5 Conclusions;309
9.1.6;References;309
9.2;15 Livestock-Water Productivity in the Nile Basin: Solutions for Emerging Challenges;311
9.2.1;15.1 Introduction;311
9.2.1.1;15.1.1 The Need for Improved Water Productivity;313
9.2.2;15.2 The Role of Livestock in the Nile Basin;314
9.2.2.1;15.2.1 The Livestock-Based Systems;314
9.2.2.2;15.2.2 Livestock Products and Services;315
9.2.2.3;15.2.3 Livestock-Water Nexus;317
9.2.3;15.3 Characteristics of Livestock-Water Schemes in the Nile Basin;318
9.2.3.1;15.3.1 Livestock Hydrology in the Nile Basin;319
9.2.3.2;15.3.2 Livestock-Water Governance in the Basin;322
9.2.3.3;15.3.3 Livestock-Water-Gender Nexus in the Basin;324
9.2.4;15.4 Technologies Effecting Water Productivity;326
9.2.4.1;15.4.1 ''In Situ Water Conservation'' for Improving Water Productivity;326
9.2.4.2;15.4.2 Effects of Area Exclosures on Water Productivity: The Case of Lenche Dima, Ethiopia;327
9.2.5;15.5 Introducing Change;330
9.2.6;References;331
9.3;16 Blue Nile (Abbay) Hydropower Potential, Prioritization, and Trade-Offs on Priority Investments;335
9.3.1;16.1 Introduction;336
9.3.2;16.2 Description of the Study Area;337
9.3.3;16.3 Objective of the Study and Methodology;338
9.3.4;16.4 Data Sets;339
9.3.5;16.5 Evaluation of Selected Hydropower Potential Sites;339
9.3.6;16.6 Site Evaluation Criteria;340
9.3.7;16.7 Result and Discursion;340
9.3.7.1;16.7.1 Screening of Sites;340
9.3.7.2;16.7.2 Capacity Evaluation Result;341
9.3.7.3;16.7.3 Mapping of the Selected Sites;342
9.3.7.4;16.7.4 Ranking of the Evaluated Potential Sites;342
9.3.8;16.8 Conclusion and Recommendations;347
9.3.9;References;348
10;Part VI Water Resources Management, Allocation and Policy II;349
10.1;17 Concepts of Environmental Flow Assessment and Challenges in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia;350
10.1.1;17.1 Introduction;350
10.1.2;17.2 Approaches to Environmental Flow Assessment;352
10.1.3;17.3 Challenges to Environmental Flow Assessment in Developing Countries;355
10.1.4;17.4 Case Study: EFA in the Upper Nile River Basin;356
10.1.4.1;17.4.1 Basin Characteristics;356
10.1.4.2;17.4.2 Water Resources Use and Development;357
10.1.4.3;17.4.3 Water Resources Management Policy;358
10.1.4.4;17.4.4 Environmental Flow Assessment;359
10.1.4.4.1;17.4.4.1 Selection of Key Locations;359
10.1.4.4.2;17.4.4.2 Availability of Hydrological and Ecological Data;361
10.1.4.4.3;17.4.4.3 EFA Method Selection;361
10.1.4.4.4;17.4.4.4 Comparison of EFA Methodologies;364
10.1.4.4.5;17.4.4.5 Model Adjustments;365
10.1.4.4.6;17.4.4.6 EFA Results;365
10.1.4.5;17.4.5 Conclusions and the Way Forward;366
10.1.4.6;References;369
10.2;18 Geospatial Mapping and Analysis of Water Availability, Demand, and Use Within the Mara River Basin;372
10.2.1;18.1 Introduction;373
10.2.2;18.2 Datasets and Methodology;375
10.2.2.1;18.2.1 Hydrometeorological Analysis;375
10.2.2.1.1;18.2.1.1 Rainfall;375
10.2.2.1.2;18.2.1.2 Hydrological Analysis;378
10.2.2.2;18.2.2 Use of GIS;378
10.2.2.3;18.2.3 Data Collection;378
10.2.2.4;18.2.4 Estimation of Water Demand;379
10.2.2.4.1;18.2.4.1 Human Population;379
10.2.2.4.2;18.2.4.2 Livestock Populations;379
10.2.2.4.3;18.2.4.3 Wildlife Populations;380
10.2.2.4.4;18.2.4.4 Lodges and Tent Camps;382
10.2.2.4.5;18.2.4.5 Large-Scale Irrigation Farming;382
10.2.2.4.6;18.2.4.6 Large-Scale Mining;384
10.2.2.4.7;18.2.4.7 Water Demand and Supply Comparisons;385
10.2.3;18.3 Results and Discussion;386
10.2.3.1;18.3.1 Hydrometeorological Analysis;386
10.2.3.2;18.3.2 Demand Analysis;387
10.2.4;18.4 Conclusions;393
10.2.5;References;394
10.3;19 Impacts of Irrigation on Soil Characteristics in Selected Irrigation Schemes in the Upper Blue Nile Basin;396
10.3.1;19.1 Introduction;397
10.3.2;19.2 Materials and Methods;399
10.3.2.1;19.2.1 Description of the Study Areas;399
10.3.2.1.1;19.2.1.1 Description of the Soil Profiles;400
10.3.2.1.2;19.2.1.2 Physical and Chemical Analyses;400
10.3.3;19.3 Results and Discussions;402
10.3.3.1;19.3.1 Physical Properties;402
10.3.3.1.1;19.3.1.1 Soils of the Study Sites;402
10.3.3.2;19.3.2 Chemical Properties;405
10.3.3.2.1;19.3.2.1 Soil Reaction (pH);405
10.3.3.2.2;19.3.2.2 Salinity (EC, dS/m);405
10.3.3.2.3;19.3.2.3 Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen;405
10.3.3.2.4;19.3.2.4 Phosphorus Content;408
10.3.3.2.5;19.3.2.5 The CEC and Exchangeable Cations;408
10.3.3.2.6;19.3.2.6 Exchangeable Potassium (K), Sodium (Ca), Sodium (NA) and Magnesium (Mg);408
10.3.3.2.7;19.3.2.7 Irrigation Water Quality Characterization;410
10.3.4;19.4 Conclusions and Recommendations;410
10.3.5;References;411
10.4;20 Critical Water Resources Issues in the Nile River Basin;413
10.4.1;20.1 Introduction;413
10.4.2;20.2 The Nile Basin Geography;414
10.4.3;20.3 Hydrology of Lake Tana and Lake Victoria;417
10.4.4;20.4 Nile Hydro-Climatology;418
10.4.5;20.5 Critical Water Resources Issues;419
10.4.6;20.6 Hydropolitics;420
10.4.7;20.7 Climate Change and Water Resources;423
10.4.8;20.8 Information Sharing;425
10.4.9;20.9 The Way Forward;426
10.4.10;References;427
11;Index;429mehr

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Nile River Basin

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Land and Water Degradation in Ethiopia

Remote Sensing of Soil and Land Surface Processes

Landscape Dynamics, Soils and Hydrological Processes in Varied Climates

Nile River Basin

Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability

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