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Annual Report on Urban Development of China 2013

E-BookPDF1 - PDF WatermarkE-Book
288 Seiten
Englisch
Springer Berlin Heidelbergerschienen am14.04.20152015
This book focuses on China's urban development. In China, the process of allowing more rural migrants to become registered city residents in urban areas remains stagnant despite its importance to the Chinese government and the existence of a national consensus about it. Cities can compulsorily purchase land from farmers at low or even no costs, and most farmers, whose families have relied on the land to make a living for generations, do not profit from increases in land value. Breaking down the established distributive system of rights and privileges requires legislation and law enforcement. To this end, we need to break through the current pattern of interests and respect the 'citizenization-relevant' rights of rural migrant workers.mehr
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Produkt

KlappentextThis book focuses on China's urban development. In China, the process of allowing more rural migrants to become registered city residents in urban areas remains stagnant despite its importance to the Chinese government and the existence of a national consensus about it. Cities can compulsorily purchase land from farmers at low or even no costs, and most farmers, whose families have relied on the land to make a living for generations, do not profit from increases in land value. Breaking down the established distributive system of rights and privileges requires legislation and law enforcement. To this end, we need to break through the current pattern of interests and respect the 'citizenization-relevant' rights of rural migrant workers.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9783662463246
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark
FormatE107
Erscheinungsjahr2015
Erscheinungsdatum14.04.2015
Auflage2015
ReiheCurrent Chinese Economic Report Series
Seiten288 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
IllustrationenXIII, 288 p. 42 illus.
Artikel-Nr.1733448
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Preface: Breaking the Existing Pattern of Rights and Privileges to Accelerate the Process of Citizenization;6
2;Contents;10
3;Editors and Contributors;12
4;Chapter 1: Overall Strategy for Promoting the Citizenization of Rural Migrant Workers;15
4.1;Citizenization of Rural Migrant Workers: Definition and Meaning;16
4.2; Current Rural Migrant Workers in China: Citizenization Status;18
4.2.1;Rapid and Steady Growth in Number;19
4.2.2; Numbers and Characteristics;20
4.2.2.1;There Were About 240 Million Rural Migrant Workers in Towns and Cities, or Around One Third of China s Urban Population in 2012;20
4.2.2.2; Those Whose Families Migrate with Them Always Represent About 20 % of All Non-local Migrant Workers;22
4.2.2.3; Under-Educated Young Men Represent the Majority of Non-local Migrant Workers;23
4.2.2.4; Eastern Region Are the Leading Destination of Non-local Migrant Workers, but with a Decreasing Percentage;23
4.2.2.5; Most Migrant Workers Are in Industries Such as Manufacturing, Construction and Traditional Services;25
4.2.3; Citizenization Status;26
4.2.3.1;Calculated with the Number of People with Urban hukou in Towns and Cities, the Citizenization Rate in China was only 27 % in 2010; the Northeast Region Had the Highest Combined Citizenization Rate; Eastern Regions Had the Biggest Difference Between the;26
4.2.3.2; The Citizenization Rate of Rural Migrant Workers Was Only 40 % in 2011 and Was Much Lower than That of Urban Residents;27
4.3; Obstacles and Challenges;31
4.3.1;Costs;31
4.3.2; Institutions;32
4.3.2.1;The Existing hukou System and Its Affiliated Social Welfare Policies;33
4.3.2.2; The Existing Land System;36
4.3.3; Capability;36
4.3.4; Culture;37
4.3.5; Social Exclusion;38
4.3.6; Urban Capacity;39
4.4; Estimating the Number of Rural Migrant Workers Who Need Citizenization in China;40
4.4.1;The Number of Current Rural Migrant Workers Who Need Citizenization;41
4.4.2; Net Increase in the Number of Rural Migrant Workers Who Need Citizenization;42
4.4.3; A Long-Term Challenge;44
4.4.4; General Strategy;45
4.4.5; A Gradualist Approach;45
4.4.6; A Comprehensive and Holistic Approach;46
4.4.7; A Targeted Approach;47
4.4.8; Guidance on Systematic Migration;48
4.4.9; Creating a Cost Sharing Mechanism;50
4.5; Policies and Measures;51
4.5.1;Deepening the Comprehensive Reform of the hukou System;51
4.5.2; Enhancing Employment Support for Rural Migrant Workers;52
4.5.3; Establishing a Single Social Security System for Urban and Rural Areas;54
4.5.4; Providing All Permanent Urban Residents with Basic Public Services;55
4.5.5; Accelerating the Reform of the Rural Property Rights System;56
4.5.6; Expediting the Resumption of Reclassification of Counties as Cities;58
4.6;References;60
5;Chapter 2: Evaluating China s Cities for Scientifically-­Sound Development;61
5.1;Scientifically-Sound Urban Development in 2012;62
5.1.1;Eastern Regions Took the Lead, Others Caught Up Quickly;62
5.1.2; Significant Interprovincial Gaps Remain, City Ranking Shifts Constantly;63
5.1.3; Diversified Advantages Among and Within Regions;64
5.1.4; Apparent Correlation Between City Size and USDI Value, with a Notable Increase in USDI Values of Small and Medium-­Sized Cities;70
5.1.5; Outstanding Structural Imbalance;73
5.2; Scientifically-Sound Urban Development in China: Characteristics and Challenges;77
5.2.1;Main Characteristics;77
5.2.2; Three Main Challenges for Scientifically-Sound Urban Development in China;78
5.3; Appendix 1;79
5.4; Appendix 2;86
5.5; Appendix 3;87
5.6; Appendix 4;89
5.7; Appendix 5;92
5.8;References;93
6;Chapter 3: The Evolution of China s Migrant Worker Policies for Since 1978;95
6.1;Policy Basis Prior to Reform and Opening Up;95
6.2; Evolution of Migrant-Worker Policy Since Reform and Opening Up Began;98
6.2.1;Stage 1 (1979-1983): Tight Control;99
6.2.2; Stage 2 (1984-1991): Loosening Up;101
6.2.3; Stage 3 (1992-2001): Government-Guided, Orderly Opening-Up;104
6.2.4; Stage 4 (2002-2011): Protecting Farmer Rights;107
6.2.5; Stage 5 (Since 2012): Facilitating Migrant Integration into Cities;111
6.3; Migrant-Worker Policy: Evolution and Future Direction;112
7;Chapter 4: The Status of Migrants in Cities and Innovations in Social Management;115
7.1;Human Migration in China: Basic Characteristics and Trends;116
7.1.1;More Migration, More Rural-Urban Migration;116
7.1.2; Interregional Migration Dominates and the Five Top Destinations;117
7.1.3; Large Representation of People of Working Age, Growing Representation of Migrating Families;118
7.2; Migrants: Employment Status and Income Gaps;121
7.2.1;Most Migrants Were at the Bottom of the Occupational Structure;121
7.2.2; There Were Obvious Income Gaps Among Migrants;123
7.2.3; Education Was a Major Reason for Occupational Stratification of Migrants;125
7.3; Public Services for Migrants;127
7.3.1;Absence of Worker Rights and Relevant Support;127
7.3.1.1;Average Working Hours of Migrants Are Much Longer Than the National Standard;127
7.3.1.2; Migrants Who Have Signed Labor Contracts Represent a Small Percentage;129
7.3.1.3; Social Insurance Support Is Unavailable in the Host Place;129
7.3.2; Lack of Professional Skill Training;130
7.3.3; High Housing Costs;131
7.3.3.1;A High Percentage of Migrants Living in Rental Units, Under Low Coverage by Affordable Housing;132
7.3.3.2; High Housing Costs for Migrants;133
7.3.4; Children Who Migrate with Parents Have Insufficient Access to Education;134
7.4; Social Engagement and Integration of Migrants;135
7.4.1;Migrants Typically Have Contact with Other People from Their Hometowns, with Low Levels of Engagement in Social Activities;135
7.4.2; Low Levels of Feeling of Happiness Among Migrants in Host Place;137
7.5; Promoting the Innovation of the Migrant Management System;138
7.5.1;Promote the Reform of the Hukou System by Introducing a Residence Permit System, and Extend Basic Public Services to Migrants;138
7.5.2; Improve the Social Insurance System According to the Characteristics of Human Migration;140
7.5.3; Improve the Organization of Workers and Further Protect Their Rights;140
7.5.4; Enhance Continuing Education and Professional Training Services, and Help Migrants Build up Human Capital;141
7.5.5; Create a Housing Assistance System for Migrants to Satisfy Diversified Demand for Housing;141
7.5.6; Enhance Communities as a Basic Unit of Urban Management to Facilitate the Social Integration of Migrants;142
8;Chapter 5: Cost Estimation and Cost Sharing Mechanism for Citizenization of Rural Migrant Workers;143
8.1;Citizenization of Migrant Workers: The Concept;143
8.2; Current Methods for Estimating Costs Involved in the Citizenization of Migrant Workers and Deficiencies;144
8.3; Cost Estimation for the Citizenization of Migrant Workers;146
8.3.1;Public Costs;147
8.3.1.1;Urban Infrastructure Construction/Maintenance Costs;148
8.3.1.2; Public Service & Management Costs;149
8.3.1.3; Social Security Costs;150
8.3.1.4; Compulsory Education Costs Concerning Children Who Migrate with Their Parents;152
8.3.1.5; Costs of Providing Affordable Housing;154
8.3.2; Personal Costs;156
8.3.2.1;Living Costs;156
8.3.2.2; Housing Costs;156
8.3.2.3; Self-Support Costs;157
8.3.3; Total Social Costs;158
8.4; Policy Recommendations;159
8.4.1;The Central and Provincial Governments Should Increase Financial Support for Major Destinations of Interregional Migrant Workers;160
8.4.2; Local Governments Responsibilities;160
8.4.3; Companies Should Share the Costs of Social Security, Housing Assistance and Self-Development Brought About by the Citizenization of Migrant Workers;161
8.4.4; Migrant Workers Responsibilities;162
8.4.5; Encourage Migrant Workers to Move into Cities with Assets;162
9;Chapter 6: Methods for the Citizenization of Migrant Workers in Megacities;163
9.1;The Current Status of Migrant Workers in Megacities;164
9.1.1;Megacity Distribution;164
9.1.2; Numbers of Migrant Workers in Megacities;165
9.2; The Specialness of the Citizenization of Migrant Workers in Megacities;166
9.2.1;Excessive Populations Cause Heavy Pressure on Resources and Environmental Capacities;166
9.2.2; Megacities Have Higher Requirements for the Citizenization of Migrant Workers During the Improvement of the Industrial Structure;167
9.3; Local Experience;168
9.3.1;Guangzhou: The Points-Based Hukou System;168
9.3.2; Chengdu: The Overall Urban and Rural Planning System;169
9.3.3; Shanghai: Talent Recruitment System;170
9.4; Policy Recommendations;172
9.4.1;Step up the hukou System Reform by Loosening Control over the Citizenization of Migrant Workers While Taking Local Conditions into Full Consideration;172
9.4.2; Reform the Employment System by Taking into Account Both the Improvement of the Industrial Structure and Job Creation for Migrant Workers at the Same Time;172
9.4.3; Reform the Social Security System to Eliminate Migrant Workers Worries About Post-citizenization Life;173
9.4.4; Step up the Provision of Equitable Basic Public Services and Take Measures to Ensure Migrant Workers Access to Such Services in the Host Cities;173
9.4.5; Include Migrant Workers into the Urban Housing Assistance System to Ensure Proper Housing Is Available to Them;174
9.4.6; Local Governments Should Do Their Duty to Plan the Citizenization of Migrant Workers;174
9.5;References;175
10;Chapter 7: Approach to and Suggestions for Further Reform of the Hukou System;176
10.1;The Urban-Rural Dual Hukou System: Formation and Reforms;177
10.1.1;The Formation and Maintenance of the Urban-Rural Dual Hukou System;177
10.1.2; Two Threads that Run Through the Hukou System Reform;178
10.1.3; The Outstanding Institutional Barrier to Hukou System Reform;179
10.2; Local Hukou System Reforms: Experience and Problems;180
10.2.1;Creating a Single Urban and Rural Hukou System Within the Administered Areas;180
10.2.1.1;The Reform Status;180
10.2.1.2; The Motive for Reform;184
10.2.2; Residence Permit System and Public Services;185
10.2.2.1;The Reform Status;185
10.2.2.2; Pros and Cons of the Residence Permit System;187
10.2.2.3; Motives for Reform;187
10.2.3; Medium-Sized and Large Cities Are Relaxing, or Rationalizing, Migrant Requirements for Local Hukous;188
10.2.3.1;The Reform Status;188
10.2.3.2; Motives for Reform;191
10.2.4; Summary;191
10.3; Hukou System Reform: Objectives, Outlook and Recommendations;192
10.3.1;The Objectives and Main Tasks;192
10.3.2; Outlook;192
10.3.3; Recommendations;193
10.3.3.1;A Single Hukou System and Free Movement;193
10.3.3.2; Cross-Regional Migration: Residence Permits and a Gradualist Approach to Granting Rights and Benefits to Migrants;194
10.4; Recommendations on Rolling Out the Residence Permit System in China;196
10.4.1;Eligibility Bar for Residence Permits Should Be as Low as Possible;196
10.4.2; Need to Upgrade the Residence Permit System;199
10.4.3; Linking Residence Permits with Permanent Local Hukous Using a Point System;199
10.4.4; Cross-Regional Validity of Residence Permits;200
10.5; Appendix;201
11;Chapter 8: Encouraging Farmers to Migrate with Asset;208
11.1;Letting Farmers Migrate to Cities with Assets: A Requirement for Accelerating Urbanization;209
11.1.1;Permitting Farmer Migration into Cities with Assets Is an Internationally Accepted Practice;209
11.1.2; Allowing Farmers to Migrate into Cities with Assets Is Necessary in China;210
11.1.3; Slow Urbanization Makes It Necessary for Farmers to Migrate into Cities with Assets;211
11.2; Potential Innovations: An Analysis;212
11.2.1;The Value of Collectively-Owned Rural Assets Is Increasing Rapidly;212
11.2.2; The Chinese Government Has Been Making Increasingly Clear and Relevant Policies;213
11.2.3; Information on Current Practices Allowing Farmers Migration with Assets;214
11.3; Main Problems and Challenges;217
11.3.1;Delays in the Validation of Asset Rights Mean Farmers Have No Assets to Migrate with;219
11.3.2; A Flexible and Workable Support Mechanism Is Unavailable for Asset Management; Collectively-Owned Assets Make Low Profits;220
11.3.3; A Single Urban and Rural Factor Market Has Yet to Be Created, with a Lack of Trading Platforms that Would Enable Farmers to Meet the Costs of Migration into Cities with Assets;220
11.3.4; An Overall Interregional Balancing Mechanism Has Yet to Be Created;221
11.4; Policy Recommendations;221
11.4.1;Open up Villages;222
11.4.2; Improve Equity Management;222
11.4.3; Formulate Policies Which Stimulate the Growth of a New Collective Economy;224
11.4.4; Set up a Structural Fund Linked to Added Land Value;225
11.4.5; Foster a Single Urban and Rural Land Market;226
11.5;References;226
12;Chapter 9: Establishing a Unified Urban-Rural Fair Employment System;228
12.1;Employment Status of Rural Migrant Workers in China;228
12.1.1;The Number of Migrant Workers Keeps Increasing;229
12.1.2; The Employment Structure Has Been Changing;229
12.1.3; The Regional Distribution of Migrant Workers Has Been Changing;230
12.1.4; Outstanding Structural Problems Exist in the Employment of Migrant Workers;231
12.1.5; Most Migrant Workers Have Been Receiving Better Benefits;231
12.1.6; Employment Inequality Remains;232
12.2; China s Employment System: Evolution and  Impact on ­Rural-­Urban Labor Migrants;232
12.2.1;Urban-Rural Dual Employment Systems;233
12.2.2; A Transition to a Market-Oriented Employment Model;233
12.2.3; The Emergence of a Single Urban and Rural Labor Market;234
12.2.4; The Advancement of Overall Planning for Urban and Rural Employment;235
12.3; Facilitating Fair Employment: Obstacles and Challenges;237
12.3.1;The Numbers of Rural People Who Need to Migrate, Adding to the Difficulty of Migrant Employment (p. 219 in PDF);238
12.3.2; Inadequate Skills Training for Rural Labor Force Impedes Integration into New Industrial Structures;239
12.3.3; There Are Delays in Building an Integrated Employment Service System for All Urban and Rural Areas;240
12.3.4; The Current Worker Rights Protection and Social Security Systems Are Inadequate for a Fair, Integrated Urban and Rural Employment System;241
12.3.5; Effecting Changes in Concepts of Marginalized Identity and Separate Urban/Rural Societies Takes Time;242
12.3.6; Comprehensive Reform to Support Macro-planning for Urban and Rural Development;243
12.4; Policy Recommendations;244
12.4.1;Improve Managerial Systems and Create an Equal Urban-Rural Employment Policy Environment;244
12.4.2; Facilitate Rural Labor Migration Processes and Provide Equal Startup Support Between Urban and Rural Areas;245
12.4.3; Improve Educational Planning and Provide Equal Occupational Training for Rural and Urban Areas;246
12.4.4; Integrate Urban and Rural Societies and Provide Equal Labor Security Between Urban and Rural Areas;247
12.4.5; Properly Distribute Resources, and Provide Equal Public Services, in Both Rural and Urban Areas;248
13;Chapter 10: Promoting Universal Coverage of Basic Public Services Among Urban Residents;250
13.1;The Current Status of Basic Public Services in Chinese Towns and Cities;251
13.1.1;Compulsory Education;251
13.1.2; Public Health and Basic Medical Care;252
13.1.3; Basic Social Security;254
13.1.4; Public Employment Services;256
13.1.5; Urban Housing Assistance;257
13.2; Social Problems Caused by Insufficient Provision of Basic Public Services;260
13.2.1;Regional Variation in Regulations on Compulsory Education for Migrant Children;260
13.2.2; Locational Confinement of Coverage of Public Healthcare Systems Creates Obstructs Access to Doctors or Healthcare Services for Migrant Workers;261
13.2.3; Fragmented Social Security System, and Other Institutional Deficiencies;261
13.2.4; The Public Employment Service System Is Imperfect, with a Lack of a Socially-Inclusive Long-Term Service Provision Mechanism;262
13.2.5; The Urban Hukou System Is Being Reformed Slowly, and the Housing Assistance System Has Yet to Be Improved;263
13.3; The General Principle: Expanding the Coverage of Basic Urban Public Services to Include All Permanent Residents;263
13.3.1;Universal Coverage of Medical and Healthcare Services to All Permanent Urban Residents and Protecting Migrants Healthcare Rights;264
13.3.2; Improve and Consolidate Urban Social Security Systems, and Expand Their Coverage;264
13.3.3; Job and Wage Support for Migrant Workers in Urban Areas;265
13.3.4; Include Migrant Workers in the Affordable Housing System, Improve Migrants Housing Conditions;265
13.4;References;266
14;Chapter 11: Improving the Social Security System for Migrant Workers;267
14.1;Social Security for Migrant Workers: Current Status;268
14.1.1;Changes in the Social Security System for Migrant Workers;268
14.1.1.1;The Social Relief System Is Increasingly People-Friendly;268
14.1.1.2; The Social Insurance System for Migrant Workers Is Increasingly Similar to the One for Urban Employees;269
14.1.2; Social Security for Migrant Workers: Status and Problems;270
14.1.2.1;Migrant Workers Are Not Covered by the Urban Minimum Living Allowance System;270
14.1.2.2; The Percentage of Migrant Workers Who Have Enrolled in the Social Insurance Programs Is Low and Varies Widely from Industry to Industry;271
14.1.3; Workplace Injury Insurance;272
14.1.4; Medical Insurance;273
14.1.5; Pension Insurance;275
14.1.5.1;The Influence of the Social Insurance Law on the Percentage of Migrant Workers Who Have Social Insurance Has Yet to Be Observed;276
14.1.5.2; It Is Difficult for Migrant Workers to Gain Access to the Same Basic Public Services as the Ones Available to People with Urban Hukous;277
14.2; Main Problems and Causes;278
14.2.1;A Dual Urban Rural Economic Structure;279
14.2.2; Lax Law Enforcement;279
14.2.3; Migrant Workers Themselves Are Not Sufficiently Aware of Their Rights;280
14.3; Policy Recommendations;280
14.3.1;Future Policy Direction;280
14.3.2; Policy Recommendations;281
14.3.2.1;Make Innovations in the Social Relief System;282
14.3.2.2; Gradually Raise the Level of Overall Planning;283
14.3.2.3; Intensify Law Enforcement;283
14.3.2.4; Let Trade Unions Come into Full Play;284
14.3.2.5;Provide Employment Training;284
14.3.2.6;Increase Education Spending;284
14.3.2.7;Increase Public Rental Housing in Diverse Ways;285
14.4;References;285
15;Chapter 12: Strengthening Housing Security for Migrant Workers;287
15.1;Current Status of Housing Assistance for Migrant Workers;288
15.1.1;Theoretical Inclusion in the Urban Housing Assistance System, but Few Actually Receive Benefit;288
15.1.2; Subsidies for Developers, Not Applicants;288
15.1.3; Housing Assistance for Migrant Workers Is Mostly Shouldered by Local Governments, with the Central Government Playing a Minor Role;289
15.2; Local Efforts in Providing Housing Assistance for Migrant Workers;290
15.2.1;The Chongqing Model: Unsold or Unfinished Buildings in the City Are Remodeled into Apartment Buildings for Migrant Workers;290
15.2.2; The Changsha Model: Building Apartments on Collectively-­Owned Land in Suburbs;291
15.2.3; The Shanghai Model: Building Apartments in Industrial Parks;292
15.2.4; The Huzhou Model: Customized Housing Provident Fund (HPF) System;293
15.2.5; The Beijing Model: Qualifying Migrant Workers for the Urban Housing Assistance System;293
15.3; Main Problems;294
15.3.1;The Urban-Rural Dual Land and Housing Systems Prevent Migrant Workers from Receiving Equitable Housing Assistance in Towns or Cities;294
15.3.2; Housing Assistance to Migrant Workers and Overall Condition of the Urban Housing Assistance System;295
15.3.3; Unmet Housing Needs of Migrant Workers;295
15.3.4; Organizations Responsible for Providing Housing Assistance for Migrant Workers Have Yet to be Clearly Identified;296
15.3.5; Methods of Solving the Issue of Housing Migrant Workers Are Not Supported by Relevant Laws and Policies;297
15.4; Policy Recommendations;297
15.4.1;The Long-Term Strategy;297
15.4.1.1;Promote Reform of the Land and Housing Systems, and Create a Single Urban and Rural Housing Assistance System;297
15.4.1.2; Improve Housing Assistance Laws/Regulations and  the Overall Housing Assistance System;298
15.4.2; Short-Term Policies and Measures;298
15.4.2.1;Use of Special Subsidies;298
15.4.2.2; Increase Subsidies Available to Migrant Workers;299
15.4.2.3; Create Reliable Sources of Funding for Organizations Providing Housing Assistance;299
16;Erratum;301mehr

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