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Klappentext"Advances in the Study of Behavior was initiated over 40 years ago to serve the increasing number of scientists engaged in the study of animal behavior. That number is still expanding. This volume makes another important contribution to the development of the field by presenting theoretical ideas and research to those studying animal behavior and to their colleagues in neighboring fields.

This volume reflects many of the current themes in animal behavior including the evolution of social behavior, sexual selection and communication. It also reflects controversial topics on which the authors provide interesting, new insights.

Advances in the Study of Behavior is now available online at ScienceDirect - full-text online from volume 30 onwards."

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Weitere ISBN/GTIN9780080554372

ProduktartE-Book

EinbandartE-Book

FormatEPUB

Format HinweisDRM Adobe

Verlag

Elsevier Science & Techn.

Erscheinungsjahr2011

Erscheinungsdatum29.07.2011

Seiten496 Seiten

SpracheEnglisch

Dateigrösse12603 Kbytes

Artikel-Nr.2738892

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Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;6
3;Contributors;10
4;Chapter 1: The Strategic Dynamics of Cooperation in Primate Groups;14
4.1;I. Introduction;14
4.2;II. (Avoiding) Definitions of Cooperation;15
4.3;III. Game Theory Models of Forms of "Cooperation";17
4.3.1;A. Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma;17
4.3.2;B. Stag Hunt;18
4.3.3;C. Battle of the Sexes;18
4.3.4;D. Games of Chicken;19
4.4;IV. Which Kinds of Games Do Primates Play?;20
4.5;V. The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma in Primate Groups;20
4.5.1;A. Contingent Reciprocity in the Nonexperimental Settings;20
4.5.2;B. Experimental Studies of Contingent Reciprocity;21
4.5.3;C. Is There Solid Evidence of Contingency?;30
4.5.4;D. Do Cognitive Limitations Preclude Contingent Reciprocity?;31
4.6;VI. Stag Hunts in Primate Groups;31
4.6.1;A. Stag Hunts in the Wild;31
4.6.2;B. Solving Collaboration Problems in the Laboratory;33
4.6.3;C. What Are the Necessary Conditions for Success in the Stag Hunt;41
4.7;VII. The Battle of the Sexes in Primate Groups;44
4.8;VIII. Games of Chicken in Primate Groups;45
4.9;IX. Conclusions;46
4.10;X. Summary;47
4.11;Acknowledgments;49
4.12;References;49
5;Chapter 2: Coexistence in Female-Bonded Primate Groups;56
5.1;I. Introduction;56
5.2;II. Kinship and Competition;57
5.3;III. Organizing Principles;59
5.3.1;A. Coalitions;59
5.3.2;B. Grooming;64
5.3.3;C. Reconciliation;69
5.4;IV. Relationships;76
5.5;V. A Spatial Approach to Social Interactions;83
5.6;VI. Conclusions;86
5.7;VII. Summary;88
5.8;Acknowledgments;88
5.9;References;89
6;Chapter 3: The Evolution of Sociality in Spiders;96
6.1;I. Introducing Social Spiders;96
6.2;II. Social and Subsocial Species: A Survey of Behavioral Traits;102
6.3;III. Inbred Sociality in Spiders;112
6.3.1;A. Cooperation Versus Competition: A Balancing Act;112
6.3.2;B. Do Social Spiders Have Division of Labor?;115
6.3.3;C. Colony Foundation: Propagule Dispersal Versus Fission;116
6.3.4;D. Female-Biased Colony Sex Ratios: Primary and Operational Sex Ratios;120
6.3.5;E. Mating System: Inbreeding and Its Population-Genetic Consequences;121
6.3.6;F. "Boom and Bust" Colony Dynamics;124
6.4;IV. Phylogenetic Relationships Among Social Spider Species;126
6.4.1;A. Common Features of Social Evolution;127
6.4.2;B. Case Studies;127
6.4.3;C. Sociality in Spiders: An Evolutionary Dead End?;130
6.5;V. Evolution and Maintenance of Sociality in Spiders: Relevant Models;132
6.5.1;A. Kin Selection;132
6.5.2;B. Multilevel Selection (Group Selection);135
6.5.3;C. Ecological Benefits;138
6.5.4;D. Ecological Constraints;139
6.5.5;E. Game Theory Models;139
6.5.6;F. By-Product Mutualism;140
6.6;VI. Transitions in the Evolution of Sociality: Processes and Patterns;141
6.6.1;A. From Premating to Postmating Dispersal;141
6.6.2;B. From Outbreeding to Inbreeding;143
6.6.3;C. From Maternal Care to Cooperative Breeding;144
6.7;VII. Summary: From Subsocial to Inbred Social, an Overview;146
6.8;Acknowledgments;148
6.9;References;148
7;Chapter 4: Molecular Ecology Reveals the Hidden Complexities of the Seychelles Warbler;160
7.1;I. Introduction;160
7.2;II. Study Species, Study Populations, and General Methods;162
7.3;III. Cooperative Breeding;166
7.3.1;A. Indirect Benefits;169
7.3.2;B. Kin Discrimination by Subordinates;170
7.3.3;C. Kin Selection Cues;172
7.3.4;D. Direct Benefits;176
7.4;IV. Inbreeding and Inbreeding Avoidance;179
7.5;V. Mate Choice;183
7.6;VI. Conclusions and Future Avenues;189
7.7;Acknowledgments;191
7.8;References;192
8;Chapter 5: Mate Choice and Genetic Quality: A Review of the Heterozygosity Theory;202
8.1;I. Introduction;202
8.2;II. Mate Choice and Genetic Benefits;204
8.2.1;A. What is Mate Choice?;204
8.2.2;B. How Do Females Benefit From Their Choice?;204
8.2.3;C. Genetic Benefits: Definitions;207
8.3;III. Heterozygosity and Fitness;211
8.3.1;A. Methods to Estimate Individual Heterozygosity, Inbreeding and Relatedness;211
8.3.2;B. The Magnitude of Heterozygosity-Fitness Correlations;213
8.3.3;C. The Interpretation of Heterozygosity-Fitness Correlations;216
8.3.4;D. Is the Heterozygosity-Fitness Relationship Linear or Quadratic?;221
8.3.5;E. Review of Fitness Effects of Heterozygosity;222
8.3.6;F. Determinants of the Presence/Absence of Heterozygosity-Fitness Correlations;230
8.4;IV. Heterozygosity and Mate Choice;234
8.4.1;A. Mate Choice to Optimize Offspring Heterozygosity;234
8.4.2;B. Mate Choice for Heterozygous Individuals;266
8.5;V. Conclusions and Outlook;273
8.6;Acknowledgments;275
8.7;References;275
9;Chapter 6: Sexual Conflict and the Evolution of Breeding Systems in Shorebirds;292
9.1;I. Sexual Conflict and Shorebird Breeding Systems;292
9.2;II. Sexual Conflict Theory;294
9.2.1;A. Prezygotic Conflict;294
9.2.2;B. Postzygotic Conflict;295
9.3;III. Why Study Shorebirds?;296
9.3.1;A. Shorebird Breeding Systems;296
9.4;IV. Conflict over Mating;301
9.4.1;A. Conflict over Mating Optima;301
9.4.2;B. Mate Choice and Sexual Size Dimorphism;307
9.5;V. Parental Care;310
9.5.1;A. Tug-of-War over Care;310
9.5.2;B. Constraints on the Duration of Care;312
9.5.3;C. Desertion and Mating Opportunities;315
9.6;VI. A Sexual Conflict Framework for Breeding Systems;320
9.7;VII. Future Directions;321
9.7.1;A. Display Traits;322
9.7.2;B. Diversification;322
9.7.3;C. Extinction Risk and Population Declines;323
9.8;VIII. Summary;323
9.9;Acknowledgments;343
9.10;References;343
10;Chapter 7: Postcopulatory Selection in the Yellow Dung Fly Scathophaga stercoraria (L.) and the Mate-Now-Choose-Later Mechanism of Cryptic Female Choice;356
10.1;I. Introduction;356
10.2;II. Sexual Conflict;357
10.3;III. What Is in a Name?;359
10.4;IV. Parker's Pioneering Work;360
10.5;V. Female Arrival at the Dung Pat and the Evolution of Testes Size;360
10.6;VI. Cryptic Female Choice, Sperm Competition, and Male-Female Conflict;362
10.7;VII. Variation at the Phosphoglucomutase Locus;365
10.8;VIII. Ejaculate Labeling and Detailed Morphology of the Female Reproductive Tract;367
10.9;IX. Cryptic Female Choice at the PGM Locus;369
10.10;X. A Selection Experiment on Sexual Conflict;372
10.11;XI. Field Experiments on Cryptic Female Choice;373
10.12;XII. Female Accessory Glands and Maternal Effects;373
10.13;XIII. Checking Laboratory Results with Field Flies;374
10.14;XIV. Comparative Analyses;375
10.15;XV. Concluding Remarks;376
10.16;XVI. Summary;377
10.17;Acknowledgments;378
10.18;References;378
11;Chapter 8: The Evolution, Function, and Meaning of Marmot Alarm Communication;384
11.1;I. Introduction;384
11.2;II. Evolution;385
11.3;III. Function;394
11.4;IV. Meaning;398
11.5;V. Individuality and Reliability;401
11.6;VI. Applied Relevance of Alarm-Calling Behavior;405
11.7;VII. Summary and Future Work;406
11.8;Acknowledgments;408
11.9;References;408
12;Chapter 9: The Evolution of Geographic Variation in Birdsong;416
12.1;I. Introduction;416
12.2;II. Evolution of Geographic Variation in Song: Literature Overview;419
12.2.1;A. The Importance of Learning Mechanisms and Dispersal Patterns;419
12.2.2;B. Definition of Song Dialects;422
12.2.3;C. Hypotheses to Explain the Evolution of Song Dialects;423
12.3;III. Assessing Hypotheses of Dialect Evolution;429
12.3.1;A. Our Approach;429
12.3.2;B. Literature Survey;434
12.3.3;C. Results;439
12.3.4;D. Discussion;444
12.4;IV. Recent Studies of Avian Vocal Evolution, and How They Support By-product Models of Vocal Geographic Divergence;446
12.4.1;A. Phylogenetic Signal in Vocal Evolution;446
12.4.2;B. Multiple Functions and Trade-Offs in Vocal Evolution;447
12.5;V. Evolution of Geographic Variation in Avian Vocal Signals: Prospectus;453
12.5.1;A. Interplay of Memes and Mechanisms in Vocal Evolution;453
12.5.2;B. Potential Causes of Vocal Geographic Evolution;454
12.6;VI. Summary;456
12.7;Acknowledgments;457
12.8;References;457
13;Index;472
14;Contents of Previous Volumes;490mehr

Leseprobe

Coexistence in FemaleBonded Primate Groups

S. Peter Henzi*,?; Louise Barrett*,? * school of psychology, university of kwazulunatal durban 4041, south africa
? Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada

Publisher Summary

This chapter deals with the coexistence in female-bonded (FB) primate groups. The aim of the chapter is to review the data, highlighting the strengths, insights, and shortcomings of the current theoretical views of FB groups. The chapter hopes to make a case for a more nuanced framework to situate the studies of primate sociality and cognition. In mammals, social groups based on female philopatry (FB societies) are common only among New and Old World monkeys. The chapter argues that there is little evidence for either the cognitive skills or the relationships that this account requires and, on the other, that there is too little evidence to link grooming, reconciliation, and coalition formation in this way. The evidence suggests that patterns of grooming and reconciliation reflect responses to immediate problems and have short-term benefits, while the general rarity of coalition formation, which may be due to a corresponding rarity of circumstances in which short-term benefits could accrue to all participants, undercuts any role it might have as an organizing principle for evolutionary theories of female action. The central objective of the chapter is to understand how actors generate appropriate, contingent responses to immediate social problems. The chapter concludes that there is a good deal of empirical hay to be made by incorporating observed patterns of grooming, reconciliation, and coalition formation into a larger account of the negotiation of coexistence by female monkeys.

I Introduction

With few exceptions, diurnal primates are distributed in large social groups that are spatially and temporally coherent. The goal of primate socioecology since 1960s has been to understand what drives and structures this distribution. Whereas initial syntheses (Crook and Gartlan, 1966; Eisenberg et al., 1972) focused on males, this emphasis gave way during the 1970s to an increasingly articulated representation of primate sociality that was centered on females and their responses to the world (Dittus, 1977; Hinde, 1983; Seyfarth, 1976; Wrangham, 1980). This shift, to a large degree, was fueled by the coincidence of an accelerating number of detailed field studies and the emergence of sociobiological theory, including the recognition that females were the "ecological" sex (Emlen and Oring, 1977; Wilson, 1975). The former pointed to welldifferentiated relationships within groups, while the latter shifted the analytical emphasis from groups to individuals and promoted kin selection as the likely solution to the reproductive consequences of cooperation and coexistence (Hamilton, 1964, 1972). Given that this fieldwork concentrated on Old World monkey species (Cercopithecoidea) in which females predominantly remain in their natal groups-and hence are "femalebonded" (Wrangham, 1980; where the term indicates both female philopatry and strong bonds between females)-subsequent empirical and theoretical attention was directed to the nature of the associations of female kin.

Despite a welladministered corrective to the uncritical assumption that the results of all this effort speak to the "typical" primate (Strier, 1994), instead of being phylogenetically circumscribed (Di Fiore and Rendall, 1994), interest in the social dynamics of femalebonded (FB) primates remains strong. There are many reasons for this. Although not representative of most primate societies, FB groups are certainly much more common within the OldWorld monkeys (and the NewWorld genera, Cebus and Saimiri), compared to other families (as well as other mammals in general), and this is a distinction that promotes elaboration. There is also a welldeveloped body of socioecological theory, which has emerged from the study of FB groups and that has now developed its own impetus and connects to other central primatological concerns such as the "social intelligence" hypothesis (Barrett et al., 2007). Finally, a good deal of effort continues to go into field studies of FB species, generating both longterm data from single populations, as well as comparative information across different populations of the same species, both of which allow for much richer analyses than are possible with any other primate group.

Our aim here is to review these data, highlighting the strengths, insights, and shortcomings of current theoretical views of FB groups. In doing so, we hope to make a case for a more nuanced framework in which to situate studies of primate sociality and cognition.
II Kinship and Competition

FB societies remain interesting in their own right because they pit the explanatory power of kin selection against the understanding that, other things being equal, individual animals will behave selfishly. What then happens in a world where relatives must coexist? This question, which guides most of the work on social dynamics in FB primate groups, has derived its power primarily from the demonstration that while the advantages of group life accrue in relation to their ability to reduce predation risk, and where larger groups are therefore better, they are coupled to reproductive costs associated with local resource competition, where larger groups, consequently, are worse, at least for some group members (Dunbar, 1988; van Schaik, 1983). These demonstrations that birth rates decline with group size negate the original presumption that FB groups are primarily cooperative, in the sense of being selected in the context of defending resources against other FB groups (Wrangham, 1980). This, then, has been the springboard for everything that follows because it sets up the idea that female relatives are obliged to compete, in one way or another, for resources within a social group that they cannot readily leave. While there have been rumblings recently that this emphasis on withingroup competition discounts the generally cooperative basis of social engagement (Sussman et al., 2005) it is likely to stand, at least until the alternative is more comprehensively fleshed out (Koenig et al., 2006) and some synthesis achieved.

In the meantime, the question of how females respond to the "inevitability" of competition has produced a cascading set of neat, interlocking responses. These have served as powerful organizing principles for data collection and interpretation (Barrett et al., 2007) and have additional resonance because they point directly to a particular view of primate cognition (Dunbar, 1998). In this view, the canonical structure of FB social dynamics is derived from the following strategic responses displayed by females:

1. In order to defend resources against competitors within groups, it is advantageous for females to form cooperative coalitions and alliances (Harcourt and de Waal, 1992; Wrangham, 1987), where a coalition is defined as an event in which one individual aids another by actively joining forces against a third during an ongoing aggressive encounter, and where an alliance represents an enduring cooperative relationship involving repeated coalition formation.

2. Allogrooming, insofar as it provides a service to others, is used by females to persuade valuable (e.g., highranking) partners to participate in coalitions (Seyfarth, 1977). Females form strong, enduring relationships with each other, which they service by grooming, as a means of "ensuring unstinting mutual support" (Dunbar, 1998) from their coalition partners over time, either by the exchange of grooming for support in a reciprocal fashion (Cheney and Seyfarth, 1984) or by using grooming as a signal of mutual trustworthiness (Dunbar, 1998).

3. Where such valuable relationships are damaged (e.g., by aggression between alliance partners), females will act to repair this damage via a process known as reconciliation (de Waal, 1989), so that they can continue to reap the benefits of coalition formation over time.

This is, to some extent, a caricature of a more nuanced framework that also includes the effects of resource dispersion (Sterck et al., 1998; van Schaik, 1989), where these processes, associated with nepotism, are more predictive of species encountering clumped, defensible resources. Nevertheless, it is true to say that this broad structure receives support from Di Fiore and Rendall's phylogenetic analysis (Di Fiore and Rendall, 1994) and that their results are perhaps themselves a product of the fact that most researchers have either concentrated their work on these topics or framed their analyses in this way (see, as two examples, Matsumura, 1998; Silk et al., 2003). In addition, further implicit acceptance for this focus is evinced by the widely embraced "social brain" hypothesis (Dunbar, 1998), which extends these premises to account for the general increase in relative brain size among the anthropoid...
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