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Desk Encyclopedia of Plant and Fungal Virology

E-BookPDFDRM AdobeE-Book
632 Seiten
Englisch
Elsevier Science & Techn.erschienen am13.10.2009
This volume consists of 85 chapters that highlight recent advances in our knowledge of the viruses that infect plants and fungi. It begins with general topics in plant virology including movement of viruses in plants, the transmission of plant viruses by vectors, and the development of virus-resistant transgenic plants. The second section presents an overview of the properties of a selection of 20 well-studied plant viruses, 23 plant virus genera and a few larger groups of plant viruses. The third section, which is abundantly illustrated, highlights the most economically important virus diseases of cereals, legumes, vegetable crops, fruit trees and ornamentals. The last section describes the major groups of viruses that infect fungi.


The most comprehensive single-volume source providing an overview of virology issues related to plant and fungi

Bridges the gap between basic undergraduate texts and specialized reviews

Concise and general overviews of important topics within the field will help in preparation of ,lectures, writing reports, or drafting grant applicationsmehr
Verfügbare Formate
BuchGebunden
EUR112,50
E-BookPDFDRM AdobeE-Book
EUR83,95

Produkt

KlappentextThis volume consists of 85 chapters that highlight recent advances in our knowledge of the viruses that infect plants and fungi. It begins with general topics in plant virology including movement of viruses in plants, the transmission of plant viruses by vectors, and the development of virus-resistant transgenic plants. The second section presents an overview of the properties of a selection of 20 well-studied plant viruses, 23 plant virus genera and a few larger groups of plant viruses. The third section, which is abundantly illustrated, highlights the most economically important virus diseases of cereals, legumes, vegetable crops, fruit trees and ornamentals. The last section describes the major groups of viruses that infect fungi.


The most comprehensive single-volume source providing an overview of virology issues related to plant and fungi

Bridges the gap between basic undergraduate texts and specialized reviews

Concise and general overviews of important topics within the field will help in preparation of ,lectures, writing reports, or drafting grant applications
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9780123785602
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format HinweisDRM Adobe
Erscheinungsjahr2009
Erscheinungsdatum13.10.2009
Seiten632 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
Artikel-Nr.2743994
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Front Cover;1
2;Desk Encyclopedia of Plant and Fungal Virology;2
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Editors-in-Chief;6
5;Associate Editors;8
6;Preface;10
7;Contributors;12
8;Contents;16
9;General Topics;20
9.1;Movement of Viruses in Plants;22
9.1.1;Glossary;22
9.1.2;Introduction;22
9.1.3;Intracellular Movement;23
9.1.3.1;Host factors and intracellular virus movement;23
9.1.4;Intercellular Movement;26
9.1.5;Systemic Movement;27
9.1.6;Further Reading;29
9.2;Vector Transmission of Plant Viruses;29
9.2.1;Glossary;29
9.2.2;Introduction;30
9.2.3;Plant Virus Vectors;30
9.2.4;Transmission of Plant Viruses by Insects;30
9.2.4.1;History of the Classification of the Different Modalities of Transmission;30
9.2.4.2;Circulative Transmission;32
9.2.4.2.1;Propagative transmission;33
9.2.4.2.2;Nonpropagative transmission;33
9.2.4.3;Noncirculative Transmission of Plant Viruses;34
9.2.4.3.1;The helper strategy;34
9.2.4.4;Capsid Strategy;35
9.2.4.5;Transmission by Beetles;35
9.2.5;Transmission by Noninsect Vectors;35
9.2.5.1;Transmission by Mites;36
9.2.5.2;Transmission by Nematodes;36
9.2.5.3;Transmission by Fungi;36
9.2.6;Transmission and Evolution;36
9.2.7;Future Prospects;37
9.2.8;Further Reading;37
9.3;Diagnostic Techniques: Plant Viruses;37
9.3.1;Glossary;37
9.3.2;Introduction;38
9.3.3;Techniques Used for the Identification and Classification of Viruses Associated with New Plant Diseases (Primary Diagnosis)...;38
9.3.3.1;Inspection of Symptoms;38
9.3.3.2;Adsorption Electron Microscopy;38
9.3.3.3;Immunosorbent Electron Microscopy;38
9.3.3.4;Immunoelectron Microscopical Decoration Tests;40
9.3.3.5;Observations on Host Plant Reactions;40
9.3.3.6;Nucleotide Sequence Analyses;40
9.3.4;Techniques That are Especially Useful for the Routine Detection of Plant Viruses;43
9.3.4.1;Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay;43
9.3.4.2;Tissue Print Immunoblotting;44
9.3.4.3;PCR and Other Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques;44
9.3.4.4;Real-Time PCR;45
9.3.4.5;Microarrays;45
9.3.5;Techniques That are Especially Useful for Studying Functional, Physical, and Structural Properties of Plant Viruses...;46
9.3.5.1;Western Blotting;46
9.3.5.2;Epitope Mapping by Investigating the Binding of MAbs to Overlapping Synthetic Oligopeptides and Subsequent Immunoelectron Micro;46
9.3.5.3;Methods for Studying the Distribution of a Virus within a Plant or a Vector;46
9.3.5.4;Studies on the Ultrastructure of Infected Host Cells by Means of Conventional Electron Microscopy;46
9.3.6;Outlook: New and Neglected Techniques with Promise for Plant Virus Work;47
9.3.6.1;Liquid Arrays;47
9.3.6.2;Padlock Probes;47
9.3.6.3;RNase Protection Assay;48
9.3.7;Further Reading;48
9.3.8;Relevant Websites;49
9.4;Plant Antiviral Defense: Gene Silencing Pathway;49
9.4.1;Introduction;49
9.4.2;Diverse Gene-Silencing Pathways in Plants;49
9.4.2.1;MicroRNA Pathway;50
9.4.2.2;Trans-Acting siRNA Pathway;50
9.4.2.3;Natural cis-Antisense Transcript-Derived siRNA Pathway;50
9.4.2.4;Heterochromatin siRNA Pathway;50
9.4.2.5;cis-Acting siRNAs;51
9.4.3;Gene Silencing and Antiviral Defense;51
9.4.3.1;Dicer-Like Proteins in Antiviral Defense;51
9.4.3.2;HEN1;54
9.4.3.3;RISC;54
9.4.3.4;The Role of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase 6 in Virus Infection;55
9.4.3.5;SDE3;55
9.4.4;Environmental Influence on Gene-Silencing Pathways;55
9.4.5;Viral Counterdefense: Silencing Suppressors;56
9.4.6;Application of Virus-Induced Gene Silencing;57
9.4.7;Further Reading;57
9.4.8;Relevant Website;57
9.5;Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS);57
9.5.1;Glossary;57
9.5.2;Introduction;58
9.5.3;PTGS and the Principle behind VIGS;58
9.5.4;The Development of VIGS as a Tool for Functional Genomics;58
9.5.4.1;RNA Virus-Based Vectors;59
9.5.4.2;DNA Virus-Based Vectors;60
9.5.5;Applications of VIGS in Aiding Plant Gene Characterization;60
9.5.6;Advantages of Using VIGS as a Tool for Functional Genomics;61
9.5.7;Limitations of VIGS;62
9.5.8;Conclusions;62
9.5.9;Further Reading;62
9.6;Plant Resistance to Viruses: Engineered Resistance;63
9.6.1;Introduction;63
9.6.2;Development of Virus-Resistant Transgenic Plants;63
9.6.2.1;Historical Perspectives;63
9.6.2.2;Control of Virus Diseases;64
9.6.2.3;Benefits of Virus-Resistant Transgenic Plants;67
9.6.3;Mechanisms Underlying Resistance;68
9.6.3.1;Protein-Mediated Resistance;68
9.6.3.2;RNA Silencing and Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing;68
9.6.4;Environmental Safety Issues;68
9.6.5;Heterologous Encapsidation;69
9.6.5.1;Recombination;69
9.6.5.2;Gene Flow;69
9.6.6;Real versus Perceived Risks;70
9.6.7;Conclusions;70
9.6.8;Further Reading;70
9.7;Plant Resistance to Viruses: Geminiviruses;71
9.7.1;Glossary;71
9.7.2;Introduction;71
9.7.2.1;Geminiviruses;71
9.7.2.1.1;The four genera;72
9.7.2.2;Viral Genome and Protein Functions;72
9.7.2.3;Satellite DNAs of Begomoviruses;72
9.7.2.4;Diversification and Host Shifts;73
9.7.3;Symptomatology on Respective Major Hosts;73
9.7.4;Economic Importance;73
9.7.5;Molecular Diagnosis of the Virus and Its Homology with Other Viruses;74
9.7.6;Recently Adopted Management Approaches;75
9.7.7;Further Reading;77
9.8;Plant Virus Vectors (Gene Expression Systems);77
9.8.1;Glossary;77
9.8.2;Introduction;77
9.8.3;First-Generation Virus Vectors;78
9.8.3.1;Host Improvement;79
9.8.4;Second-Generation Vectors;80
9.8.5;Vectors for Specific Application Areas;81
9.8.5.1;Plant Virus Vectors as Research Tools;81
9.8.5.2;Vectors for Expression of Heterooligomeric Proteins;81
9.8.5.3;Expression Vectors for Industrial-Scale Protein Production: Transient Systems (Magnifection);82
9.8.5.4;Expression Vectors for Industrial-Scale Protein Production: Transgenic Systems;83
9.8.6;Vectors for Manufacturing `Nanoscale´ Materials;84
9.8.7;Conclusions;85
9.8.8;Further Reading;85
9.9;Vaccine Production in Plants;85
9.9.1;Glossary;86
9.9.2;Introduction;86
9.9.3;History;86
9.9.4;Obstacles to Vaccine Pharming;89
9.9.5;The Way Forward;89
9.9.6;Further Reading;90
9.10;Viroids;90
9.10.1;Glossary;90
9.10.2;Introduction;91
9.10.3;Genome Structure;91
9.10.4;Classification;91
9.10.5;Host Range and Transmission;92
9.10.6;Symptomatology;95
9.10.7;Geographic Distribution;95
9.10.8;Epidemiology and Control;95
9.10.9;Molecular Biology;97
9.10.9.1;Replication;97
9.10.9.2;Movement;97
9.10.9.3;Pathogenicity;99
9.10.9.4;Host Range;99
9.10.10;Origin and Evolution;100
9.10.11;Further Reading;100
10;Viruses and Virus Genera;102
10.1;Alfalfa Mosaic Virus;104
10.1.1;Glossary;104
10.1.2;History;104
10.1.3;Taxonomy and Classification;104
10.1.4;Host Range and Economic Significance;104
10.1.5;Particle Structure and Composition;104
10.1.6;Genome Structure;105
10.1.7;Interaction between Viral RNA and Coat Protein;106
10.1.8;Translation of Viral RNA;106
10.1.9;Replication of Viral RNA;107
10.1.10;Virus Encapsidation and Movement;108
10.1.11;Role of Coat Protein in the AMV Replication Cycle;108
10.1.12;Virus-Host Relationships;109
10.1.13;Transmission;109
10.1.14;Epidemiology and Control;109
10.1.15;Further Reading;109
10.2;Allexivirus;110
10.2.1;History;110
10.2.2;Taxonomy and Classification;110
10.2.3;Viral Structure and Composition;111
10.2.3.1;Virions;111
10.2.3.2;Nucleic Acid;111
10.2.3.3;Proteins;111
10.2.3.4;Physicochemical and Physical Properties;111
10.2.4;Transmission;111
10.2.5;Genome Organization and Replication;111
10.2.6;Geographical Distribution;112
10.2.7;Phylogenetic Information;112
10.2.8;Further Reading;112
10.3;Banana Bunchy Top Virus;113
10.3.1;Glossary;113
10.3.2;Introduction;113
10.3.3;Disease Symptoms;113
10.3.4;Host Range;114
10.3.5;Causal Agent;114
10.3.6;Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Relationships;116
10.3.7;Geographical Distribution;117
10.3.7.1;Historical Records and Possible Origins;117
10.3.7.2;Current Distribution;117
10.3.8;Virus Transmission;117
10.3.9;Epidemiology and Control of BBTV;117
10.3.9.1;Epidemiology;117
10.3.9.2;Control;118
10.3.9.3;Detection Assays;118
10.3.9.4;Resistance;118
10.3.10;Further Reading;119
10.4;Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses;119
10.4.1;Glossary;119
10.4.2;Introduction;119
10.4.3;Taxonomy and Classification;120
10.4.4;Virion Properties and Composition;120
10.4.5;Genome Organization and Expression;121
10.4.6;Host Range and Transmission;123
10.4.7;Replication;124
10.4.8;Virus-Host Relationships;124
10.4.9;Epidemiology;125
10.4.9.1;Diagnosis;125
10.4.9.2;Control;126
10.4.10;Further Reading;126
10.5;Beet Curly Top Virus;127
10.5.1;Glossary;127
10.5.2;History;127
10.5.3;Taxonomic Classification and Phylogenetic Relationships;127
10.5.4;Geographic and Seasonal Distribution;128
10.5.5;Genome Organization and Gene Expression;128
10.5.6;Replication;129
10.5.7;Virus Movement and Insect Transmission;130
10.5.8;Host Range and Pathogenesis;131
10.5.9;Disease Control;132
10.5.10;Further Reading;133
10.6;Benyvirus;133
10.6.1;Glossary;133
10.6.2;History;133
10.6.3;Host Ranges and Diseases;133
10.6.4;Geographic Distribution and Epidemiology;134
10.6.5;Transmission;134
10.6.6;Control;135
10.6.7;Particle Properties and Relations of Particles with Cells;135
10.6.8;Antigenic Properties;137
10.6.9;Nucleic Acid Properties and Interrelationships between Benyviruses;137
10.6.10;Organization of the Genome and Properties of the Encoded Proteins;137
10.6.11;Diagnosis;138
10.6.12;Similarities and Dissimilarities with Other Taxa;138
10.6.13;Further Reading;139
10.7;Bromoviruses;139
10.7.1;Introduction;139
10.7.2;Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Bromoviridae;140
10.7.3;Virion Properties and Structure;140
10.7.4;Genome Organization and Expression;141
10.7.5;RNA Replication;141
10.7.6;Homologous and Nonhomologous Recombination of Bromoviral RNAs;142
10.7.7;Host Factors Involved in Replication of Bromoviral RNAs;142
10.7.8;Transmission and Virus-Host Relationship;143
10.7.9;Further Reading;143
10.8;Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus;143
10.8.1;Introduction;143
10.8.2;Host Range and Symptomatology;144
10.8.3;Transmission;144
10.8.4;Economic Importance;145
10.8.5;Molecular Characterization;145
10.8.5.1;Characteristics of the Virions;145
10.8.5.2;Description of Full-Length Sequence;145
10.8.5.3;Variability of the CSSV;145
10.8.5.4;Homology with Other Viruses;149
10.8.6;Molecular Epidemiology;149
10.8.7;Diagnosis;149
10.8.7.1;Serological Diagnostics;149
10.8.7.2;PCR Diagnosis;149
10.8.8;Control of the Disease;149
10.8.9;Further Reading;150
10.9;Capillovirus, Foveavirus, Trichovirus, Vitivirus;150
10.9.1;Glossary;150
10.9.2;Genus Capillovirus;151
10.9.2.1;Biological Properties;151
10.9.2.2;Particle Structure;151
10.9.2.3;Genome Organization and Replication;151
10.9.3;Serology;152
10.9.3.1;Strains and Genome Heterogeneity;152
10.9.3.2;Genus Foveavirus;152
10.9.3.3;Biological Properties;153
10.9.3.4;Particle Structure;153
10.9.3.5;Genome Organization and Replication;153
10.9.3.6;Strains and Genome Heterogeneity;154
10.9.4;Genus Trichovirus;155
10.9.4.1;Biological Properties;155
10.9.4.2;Particle Structure;155
10.9.4.3;Genome Organization and Replication;155
10.9.4.4;Serology;155
10.9.4.5;Strains;156
10.9.5;Genus Vitivirus;156
10.9.5.1;Biological Properties;156
10.9.5.2;Particle Structure;156
10.9.5.3;Genome Organization and Replication;156
10.9.5.4;Serology;156
10.9.6;Phylogenetic Relationships;157
10.9.7;Further Reading;157
10.10;Carlavirus;158
10.10.1;Glossary;158
10.10.2;Introduction;158
10.10.3;Taxonomy and Classification;158
10.10.4;Virus Structure and Composition;158
10.10.5;Physicochemical Properties;158
10.10.6;Genome Structure and Gene Expression;160
10.10.7;Viral Transmission;161
10.10.8;Cytopathology;161
10.10.9;Host Range;161
10.10.10;Symptomatology;161
10.10.11;Serology;161
10.10.12;Geographical Distribution;162
10.10.13;Viral Epidemiology and Control;162
10.10.14;Further Reading;162
10.11;Carmovirus;162
10.11.1;Taxonomy, Classification and Evolutionary Relationships;162
10.11.2;Distribution, Host Range, Transmission, and Economic Significance;163
10.11.3;Virion Structure and Assembly;164
10.11.4;Genome Structure;164
10.11.5;Replication and Gene Expression;165
10.11.6;Satellites, Defective-Interfering RNAs;165
10.11.7;Virus-Host Interaction;165
10.11.8;Further Reading;166
10.12;Caulimoviruses: General Features;166
10.12.1;Glossary;166
10.12.2;Introduction;167
10.12.3;Taxonomy and Classification;168
10.12.4;Virion Structure and Composition;168
10.12.5;Genome Organization and Expression;168
10.12.6;Replication;171
10.12.7;Integration of Some Petuviruses, Cavemoviruses, and Badnaviruses into Host Chromosomes;172
10.12.8;Transmission and Host Range;172
10.12.9;Virus-Host Relationships;173
10.12.10;Further Reading;173
10.13;Caulimoviruses: Molecular Biology;174
10.13.1;Viruses of the Genus Caulimovirus;174
10.13.2;Properties of the Virion and Inclusion Bodies;174
10.13.3;Properties of the Genome;175
10.13.4;Properties of the Proteins;175
10.13.4.1;Movement Protein;175
10.13.4.2;Aphid Transmission Factor;176
10.13.4.3;Virion-Associated Protein;176
10.13.4.4;Capsid Proteins and Their Precursor;176
10.13.4.5;POL Polyprotein, Protease, Reverse Transcriptase/RNase H;176
10.13.4.6;Transactivator of Translation/Viroplasmin;176
10.13.5;Virus Stability;177
10.13.6;Genome Replication;177
10.13.7;Transcription;177
10.13.8;RNA Processing;177
10.13.9;Translation Mechanism;178
10.13.10;Protein Processing;178
10.13.11;Silencing and Silencing Suppression;178
10.13.12;Further Reading;178
10.14;Citrus Tristeza Virus;179
10.14.1;Glossary;179
10.14.2;History;179
10.14.3;Taxonomy and Classification;180
10.14.4;Geographic Distribution;180
10.14.5;Host Range and Cytopathology;180
10.14.6;The CTV Virions;180
10.14.7;The CTV Genome;180
10.14.8;The Nontranslated Regions;181
10.14.9;Genome Organization and Functions;181
10.14.10;The CTV Subgenomic (sg) RNAs;182
10.14.11;Defective RNAs;182
10.14.12;Transmission;183
10.14.13;CTV Control Measures;183
10.14.14;CTV Diagnosis;183
10.14.15;Economic Costs of CTV;183
10.14.16;Attempts to Apply Transgenic Resistance to CTV;184
10.14.17;Further Reading;184
10.15;Cowpea Mosaic Virus;184
10.15.1;Introduction;184
10.15.2;Physical Properties of Viral Particles;185
10.15.3;Viral Structure;185
10.15.4;Genome Structure;186
10.15.5;Expression of the Viral Genome;186
10.15.6;Functions of the Viral Proteins;188
10.15.7;Replication;188
10.15.8;Relationships with Other Viruses;189
10.15.9;Use in Biotechnology;189
10.15.10;Further Reading;189
10.16;Cucumber Mosaic Virus;190
10.16.1;Glossary;190
10.16.2;History;190
10.16.3;Taxonomy and Classification;190
10.16.4;Geographic Distribution;190
10.16.5;Host Range and Propagation;191
10.16.6;Virus Structure and Properties;191
10.16.7;Genome Organization;191
10.16.8;Satellite RNAs;191
10.16.9;Genetics;192
10.16.10;Replication;192
10.16.11;Movement;192
10.16.12;Pathology;193
10.16.13;Transmission;193
10.16.14;Ecology and Epidemiology;193
10.16.15;Variation and Evolution;194
10.16.16;Control;194
10.16.17;Further Reading;195
10.17;Flexiviruses;195
10.17.1;Glossary;195
10.17.2;Introduction;195
10.17.3;Main Characteristics;195
10.17.3.1;Virion Morphology;195
10.17.3.2;Genome;196
10.17.3.3;Replication and Translation;196
10.17.3.4;Genomic Organization;196
10.17.3.5;Biological Properties;197
10.17.4;Component Genera and Species;197
10.17.5;Phylogenetic Relationships;198
10.17.5.1;Replication Protein;198
10.17.5.2;Movement Protein;198
10.17.5.3;TGB Proteins;198
10.17.5.4;Coat Protein;199
10.17.5.5;RNA-Binding Protein;200
10.17.5.6;General Comments;200
10.17.6;Further Reading;201
10.18;Furovirus;201
10.18.1;Glossary;201
10.18.2;History;201
10.18.3;Host Ranges, Diseases, and Geographic Distribution;201
10.18.4;Transmission in Nature and Long-Distance Movement in Infected Plants;202
10.18.5;Control;202
10.18.6;Particle Properties;203
10.18.7;Antigenic Properties;203
10.18.8;Nucleic Acid Properties and Differentiation of Furoviruses;203
10.18.9;Organization of the Genome and Properties of the Encoded Proteins;203
10.18.10;Diagnosis;204
10.18.11;Similarities and Dissimilarities with Other Taxa;205
10.18.12;Further Reading;206
10.19;Ilarvirus;206
10.19.1;Glossary;206
10.19.2;Taxonomy;206
10.19.3;Particle Structure and Genome Organization;209
10.19.4;Virus Replication;210
10.19.5;Epidemiology and Control;214
10.19.6;Further Reading;215
10.20;Luteoviruses;216
10.20.1;Glossary;216
10.20.2;Introduction;216
10.20.3;Taxonomy and Classification;216
10.20.4;Virion Properties;217
10.20.5;Virion Structure and Composition;217
10.20.6;Genome Organization and Expression;217
10.20.7;Evolutionary Relationships among Members of the Luteoviridae;220
10.20.8;Host Range and Transmission;220
10.20.9;Replication;221
10.20.10;Virus-Host Relationships;222
10.20.11;Epidemiology;222
10.20.12;Diagnosis;222
10.20.13;Control;223
10.20.14;Further Reading;223
10.21;Machlomovirus;223
10.21.1;History;223
10.21.2;Taxonomy and Classification;223
10.21.3;Virion Structure and Properties;224
10.21.4;Genome Structure and Organization;224
10.21.5;Replication;224
10.21.6;Geographic and Seasonal Distribution;225
10.21.7;Host Range and Virus Propagation;225
10.21.8;Genetics;225
10.21.9;Serologic Relationships and Variability;226
10.21.10;Transmission;226
10.21.11;Epidemiology;226
10.21.12;Pathogenicity;227
10.21.13;Pathology and Histopathology;227
10.21.14;Prevention and Control;227
10.21.15;Evolution;227
10.21.16;Further Reading;228
10.22;Maize Streak Virus;228
10.22.1;Glossary;228
10.22.2;Introduction;228
10.22.3;History and Taxonomy;229
10.22.4;Host Range and Symptoms;229
10.22.5;Diversity and Evolution;229
10.22.6;Transmission;230
10.22.7;Particle Structure;230
10.22.8;Genome Organization;231
10.22.8.1;The Long Intergenic Region;232
10.22.8.2;The Short Intergenic Region;232
10.22.8.3;The Complementary Sense Genes (rep and repA);232
10.22.8.4;The Virion Sense Genes (MP and CP);232
10.22.9;Molecular Biology of MSV;233
10.22.9.1;Replication;233
10.22.9.2;Particle Assembly and Movement;233
10.22.10;Control of MSD;233
10.22.11;MSD Epidemiology;235
10.22.11.1;Leafhopper Vectors;235
10.22.11.2;Plant Hosts;235
10.22.11.3;The Virus;235
10.22.12;Future Threat;236
10.22.13;Further Reading;236
10.22.14;Relevant Website;236
10.23;Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Viruses;236
10.23.1;Glossary;236
10.23.2;History;237
10.23.3;Taxonomy and Classification;237
10.23.4;Geographic Distribution;237
10.23.5;Symptoms in Plants;237
10.23.6;Virion or Particle Structure;238
10.23.7;Genome Organization;238
10.23.8;Replication;239
10.23.9;Gene Expression and Transcription Regulation;239
10.23.10;Infectivity of Cloned Components;240
10.23.11;Host Range;240
10.23.12;Transmission and Virus-Vector Relationship;240
10.23.13;Ecology and Epidemiology;241
10.23.14;Management;241
10.23.15;Phylogenetic Relationship;241
10.23.16;Further Reading;244
10.24;Nanoviruses;245
10.24.1;Glossary;245
10.24.2;Introduction;245
10.24.3;Particle Properties;246
10.24.4;Biological Properties;246
10.24.4.1;Economic Importance;246
10.24.4.2;Host Range;246
10.24.4.3;Tissue Tropism and Means of Transmission;246
10.24.4.4;Transmission by Aphids;247
10.24.5;Genome Organization and Protein Functions;247
10.24.5.1;DNA Structure;247
10.24.5.2;Viral DNA Types;247
10.24.5.3;Integral Genome Segments;247
10.24.5.4;Satellite-Like Rep DNAs;248
10.24.5.5;Proteins;250
10.24.6;Nanovirid Replication;251
10.24.7;Relationships to Other Families of ssDNA Viruses;251
10.24.8;Further Reading;251
10.25;Necrovirus;252
10.25.1;Taxonomy and Classification;252
10.25.2;Virion Properties;252
10.25.3;Virion Structure and Composition;252
10.25.4;Genome Organization and Expression;252
10.25.5;Interspecific Relationships;253
10.25.6;Satellites;253
10.25.7;Transmission and Host Range;253
10.25.8;Virus-Host Relationships;254
10.25.9;Further Reading;254
10.26;Nepovirus;254
10.26.1;Glossary;254
10.26.2;Introduction and Historical Perspective;255
10.26.3;Taxonomy and Relation to Other Viruses;255
10.26.4;Virus Particle Structure;255
10.26.5;Genome Structure;255
10.26.6;Regulated Polyprotein Processing;258
10.26.7;Viral RNA Replication;258
10.26.8;Cell-to-Cell and Long-Distance Movement in the Plant;259
10.26.9;Host Range, Symptomatology, and Interaction of Nepoviruses with the Plant Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing Pathway...;259
10.26.10;Satellites;260
10.26.11;Diseases and Economic Considerations;260
10.26.12;Transmission;260
10.26.13;Population Structures;261
10.26.14;Control;261
10.26.15;Nepovirus Research in the Future;261
10.26.16;Further Reading;262
10.27;Ophiovirus;262
10.27.1;Glossary;262
10.27.2;Introduction;262
10.27.3;Taxonomy and Classification;263
10.27.4;Properties of Particles;264
10.27.5;Genome Organization and Replication;264
10.27.6;Viral Proteins;265
10.27.7;Pathogenicity and Geographic Distribution;266
10.27.8;Experimental Symptoms and Host Ranges;268
10.27.9;Cytopathology;268
10.27.10;Transmission, Prevention, and Control;268
10.27.11;Further Reading;269
10.28;Papaya Ringspot Virus;269
10.28.1;Introduction;269
10.28.2;General Properties of PRSV;270
10.28.3;PRSV Genome;270
10.28.4;Sequence Diversity and Evolution;271
10.28.5;Infectious Transcripts of Recombinant PRSV Help to Reveal Potential Determinants of Several Biological Characteristics...;272
10.28.5.1;Determinants for Host Range Specificity;272
10.28.5.2;Determinants for Local Lesion Formation on Chenopodium;272
10.28.5.3;Determinants on Severity of Symptoms, Suppression of Gene Silencing, Infection of Transgenic Papaya;272
10.28.5.4;Pathogen-Derived Resistance for Controlling PRSV: The Hawaii Case;273
10.28.5.5;Transgenic Resistance;273
10.28.6;Summary Remarks;276
10.28.7;Further Reading;276
10.29;Pecluvirus;276
10.29.1;Glossary;276
10.29.2;History;276
10.29.3;Taxonomy and Classification;277
10.29.4;Geographic and Seasonal Distribution;277
10.29.5;Biological Properties;277
10.29.5.1;Host Range and Symptoms;277
10.29.5.2;Transmission;277
10.29.6;Serological Diagnosis;278
10.29.7;Molecular Diagnosis;278
10.29.8;Molecular Properties;278
10.29.8.1;Virus Particles;278
10.29.8.2;Genome;278
10.29.8.3;Coding Sequences;278
10.29.8.4;Noncoding Sequences;279
10.29.8.5;Sequence Comparisons;280
10.29.8.6;Assembly of Virus Particles;280
10.29.9;Epidemiology and Management;281
10.29.9.1;Introduction;281
10.29.9.2;Life Cycle;281
10.29.9.3;Cultural Practices;281
10.29.9.4;Host Plant Resistance;281
10.29.10;Future Perspectives;282
10.29.11;Further Reading;282
10.30;Plant Reoviruses;282
10.30.1;Glossary;282
10.30.2;Introduction;282
10.30.3;Taxonomy and Classification;283
10.30.4;Virion Structure and Genome Organization;284
10.30.4.1;Fijivirus;284
10.30.4.2;Oryzavirus;285
10.30.4.3;Phytoreovirus;285
10.30.5;Replication and Gene Expression;285
10.30.6;Distribution;287
10.30.7;Host Range and Virus Transmission;287
10.30.7.1;Fijiviruses;287
10.30.7.2;Oryzaviruses;287
10.30.7.3;Phytoreoviruses;288
10.30.8;Pathogenicity;288
10.30.9;Diagnosis and Control;288
10.30.10;Future;288
10.30.11;Further Reading;289
10.31;Plant Rhabdoviruses;289
10.31.1;Introduction;289
10.31.2;Taxonomy and Classification;289
10.31.3;Particle Morphology and Composition;291
10.31.4;Genomic Structure and Organization;291
10.31.4.1;Properties of the Encoded Proteins;292
10.31.4.1.1;The nucleocapsid protein (N);292
10.31.4.1.2;The phosphoprotein (P);292
10.31.4.1.3;Position X proteins;294
10.31.4.1.4;The matrix protein (M);294
10.31.4.1.5;Position Y ORFs;294
10.31.4.1.6;The glycoprotein (G);294
10.31.4.1.7;The polymerase protein (L);295
10.31.4.2;Polymerase Activity;295
10.31.5;Cytopathology and Replication;295
10.31.6;Vector Relationships, Distribution, and Evolution;297
10.31.7;Further Reading;298
10.32;Plum Pox Virus;299
10.32.1;Introduction;299
10.32.2;Economical Importance;299
10.32.3;History and Geographical Distribution;299
10.32.4;Host Range and Symptomatology;299
10.32.5;Virion Structure and Genome Properties;300
10.32.6;Strains/Groups;300
10.32.7;Virus Spread;302
10.32.8;Ecology and Control;302
10.32.9;Further Reading;303
10.33;Pomovirus;303
10.33.1;Glossary;303
10.33.2;Introduction;303
10.33.3;Taxonomy and Classification;304
10.33.4;Physical Properties of Particles;304
10.33.5;Genome Properties;304
10.33.6;Virus-Host Interactions and Movement;305
10.33.7;Host Range, Geographical Distribution, and Transmission by Vector;305
10.33.8;Serological Relationships, Diagnosis, and Control;306
10.33.9;Further Reading;308
10.34;Potato Virus Y;308
10.34.1;Brief Description and Significance;308
10.34.2;Viral Particle and Genome;308
10.34.3;Transmission of PVY;309
10.34.4;Host Plants;310
10.34.5;Serology;311
10.34.6;Relationships to Other Potyviruses;311
10.34.7;Cytopathology;311
10.34.8;PVY in Potato;312
10.34.9;PVY in Pepper;315
10.34.10;PVY in Tomato;315
10.34.11;PVY in Tobacco;316
10.34.12;Prospects;316
10.34.12.1;Strains;316
10.34.12.2;Evolution;317
10.34.13;Further Reading;317
10.35;Potexvirus;317
10.35.1;Glossary;317
10.35.2;Introduction;317
10.35.3;Taxonomy and Classification;319
10.35.4;Virus Structure and Composition;319
10.35.5;Physicochemical Properties;319
10.35.6;Genome Structure and Gene Expression;319
10.35.7;Viral Transmission;320
10.35.8;Cytopathology;320
10.35.9;Host Range;320
10.35.10;Symptomatology;320
10.35.11;Serology;320
10.35.12;Geographical Distribution;320
10.35.13;Viral Epidemiology and Control;320
10.35.14;Further Reading;321
10.36;Rice Yellow Mottle Virus;321
10.36.1;Introduction;321
10.36.2;Virion Properties;321
10.36.3;Organization of the Genome;321
10.36.4;Relationships of the Species with Other Taxa;322
10.36.5;Biological Properties;322
10.36.6;Diagnostic and Identification;323
10.36.7;Epidemiological Aspects;323
10.36.8;Diversity and Evolution;325
10.36.9;Further Reading;325
10.37;Sequiviruses;326
10.37.1;Glossary;326
10.37.2;Introduction;326
10.37.3;Taxonomy;326
10.37.4;Properties of Virions;326
10.37.5;Genome Structure;326
10.37.6;Properties of Viral Proteins;327
10.37.7;Phylogenetic Relationships;329
10.37.8;Variation of Isolates and Strains;329
10.37.9;Interactions between Viruses;330
10.37.10;Further Reading;331
10.38;Sobemovirus;331
10.38.1;Glossary;331
10.38.2;Introduction;331
10.38.3;Genome Organization and Replication;333
10.38.4;Gene Products and Their Functions;334
10.38.4.1;P1;334
10.38.4.2;Polyprotein;335
10.38.4.3;Virion Structure and Coat Protein;335
10.38.5;Subcellular Localization, Short- and Long-Distance Movement;337
10.38.6;Pathology, Economic Importance, Resistance;337
10.38.7;Phylogenetic Relationships;337
10.38.8;Further Reading;339
10.39;Tenuivirus;339
10.39.1;Glossary;339
10.39.2;Introduction;339
10.39.3;Type Species and Other Species in the Genus;340
10.39.4;Virion Properties;340
10.39.4.1;Morphology;340
10.39.4.2;Physical and Physicochemical Properties;340
10.39.4.3;Components;340
10.39.5;Genome Organization, Encoded Proteins, Replication and Transcription;341
10.39.6;Antigenic Properties;341
10.39.7;Biological Properties;341
10.39.7.1;Host Range;341
10.39.7.2;Cytopathology;341
10.39.7.3;Symptoms;341
10.39.7.4;Insect Vector and Kind of Transmission;341
10.39.8;Criteria for Species Demarcation and Phylogenetic Relationships between Species in the Genus;342
10.39.9;Relation to Other Taxa;342
10.39.10;Further Reading;342
10.40;Tobacco Mosaic Virus;343
10.40.1;The Beginnings of Virology;343
10.40.2;Physical and Chemical Properties of TMV;344
10.40.3;Self-Assembly of TMV Particles;345
10.40.4;Virus Disassembly;346
10.40.5;Antigenicity of TMV;347
10.40.6;Replication and Cell-to-Cell Movement of TMV;348
10.40.7;Biotechnology Applications of TMV;348
10.40.8;Further Reading;349
10.41;Tobamovirus;349
10.41.1;Glossary;349
10.41.2;Introduction;349
10.41.3;Taxonomy and Classification;349
10.41.4;Virus Structure and Composition;350
10.41.5;Genome Organization;350
10.41.6;Viral Proteins;352
10.41.7;Interactions between Viral and Host Proteins;352
10.41.8;Virus Replication;352
10.41.9;cis-Acting Sequences;352
10.41.10;Satellite Tobacco Mosaic Virus;353
10.41.11;Further Reading;353
10.42;Tobravirus;353
10.42.1;Taxonomy and Characteristics;353
10.42.2;Virus Particle Production and Structure;353
10.42.2.1;M-Type and NM-Type Infections;354
10.42.3;Genome Structure and Expression;355
10.42.3.1;RNA Sequences;355
10.42.3.2;Expression of Virus Genes;355
10.42.3.3;Recombination in Tobravirus RNAs;355
10.42.4;Viral Proteins;356
10.42.4.1;RNA1;356
10.42.4.2;RNA2;356
10.42.5;Tobraviruses as Gene Expression/Silencing Vectors;357
10.42.6;Diseases Caused by Tobraviruses;357
10.42.7;Further Reading;358
10.43;Tomato Leaf Curl Viruses from India;358
10.43.1;Glossary;358
10.43.2;Introduction;358
10.43.3;Symptoms;358
10.43.4;Transmission;359
10.43.5;Epidemiology;359
10.43.6;Host Range;359
10.43.7;Genome Organization;360
10.43.8;Diversity of Tomato-Infecting Begomoviruses;361
10.43.8.1;Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus;361
10.43.8.2;Tomato Leaf Curl Gujarat Virus;361
10.43.8.3;Tomato Leaf Curl Bangalore Virus;362
10.43.8.4;Tomato Leaf Curl Karnataka Virus;363
10.43.8.5;Tomato Leaf Curl Pune Virus;363
10.43.9;Molecular Relationships among ToLCVs;363
10.43.9.1;Comparison of DNA-A Sequence;364
10.43.9.2;Comparison of DNA-B Sequence;364
10.43.9.3;Comparison of DNA-beta Sequence;364
10.43.9.4;Comparison of Common Regions;364
10.43.10;Recombination;364
10.43.11;Pseudo-Recombination and Synergism;365
10.43.12;Replication and Pathogenesis;365
10.43.13;Management;366
10.43.14;Further Reading;366
10.44;TombusvirusesTombusviruses;367
10.44.1;Glossary;367
10.44.2;Introduction;367
10.44.3;Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Evolution;367
10.44.4;Virion Structure;369
10.44.5;Genome Organization and Replication Strategy;370
10.44.6;Transmission, Host Range, and Epidemiology;371
10.44.7;Pathogenesis;372
10.44.8;Further Reading;372
10.45;Tospovirus;372
10.45.1;Glossary;373
10.45.2;History;373
10.45.3;Taxonomy and Classification;373
10.45.4;Geographic Distribution;374
10.45.5;Host-Range and Virus Propagation;374
10.45.6;Virion Properties;374
10.45.7;Genome Properties;374
10.45.8;Protein Properties;376
10.45.9;Replication;376
10.45.10;Pathogenicity and Cytopathology;376
10.45.11;Transmission and Epidemiology;377
10.45.12;Genetics and Evolution;377
10.45.13;Detection and Diagnosis;378
10.45.14;Prevention and Control;378
10.45.15;Future Perspectives;379
10.45.16;Further Reading;379
10.46;Tymoviruses;379
10.46.1;Glossary;379
10.46.2;The Family and Its Distinguishing Features;379
10.46.3;Tymoviruses;381
10.46.3.1;Properties and Distinguishing Characteristics;381
10.46.3.2;Capsid Structure;381
10.46.3.3;Genome Organization;382
10.46.3.4;Replication Cycle;383
10.46.3.5;Infection and Transmission;383
10.46.3.6;Phylogenetic Relationships and Species Demarcation;383
10.46.4;Marafiviruses;384
10.46.4.1;Properties and Distinguishing Characteristics;384
10.46.4.2;Virion Structure, Genome Organization, Replication Cycle, and Phylogenetic Relationships;385
10.46.4.3;Infection and Transmission;385
10.46.5;Maculaviruses;385
10.46.5.1;Properties and Distinguishing Characteristics;385
10.46.6;Poinsettia Mosaic Virus;386
10.46.6.1;Properties and Distinguishing Characteristics;386
10.46.7;Further Reading;386
10.47;Umbravirus;387
10.47.1;Glossary;387
10.47.2;Introduction;387
10.47.3;Virus Properties;388
10.47.4;Genome Organization and Expression;389
10.47.5;Replication;389
10.47.6;Satellite RNA;389
10.47.7;Cell-to-Cell Movement Function;390
10.47.8;Phloem-Dependent Long-Distance Movement Function;390
10.47.9;Involvement of the Nucleolus in Umbravirus Systemic Infection;390
10.47.10;Interaction with Assistor Virus;391
10.47.11;Similarity with Other Taxa;391
10.47.12;Host Range;391
10.47.13;Transmission;391
10.47.14;Prevention and Control;391
10.47.15;Further Reading;391
10.48;Watermelon Mosaic Virus and Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus;392
10.48.1;Glossary;392
10.48.2;History and Taxonomy;392
10.48.2.1;Watermelon Mosaic Virus;392
10.48.2.2;Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus;392
10.48.3;Classification;392
10.48.4;Symptoms;393
10.48.4.1;Watermelon Mosaic Virus;393
10.48.4.2;Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus;393
10.48.5;Synergism;394
10.48.6;Geographic Distribution;394
10.48.7;Host Range;394
10.48.8;Diagnostic Method;395
10.48.9;Vector Relationships;395
10.48.10;Epidemiology;395
10.48.10.1;Virus Sources;395
10.48.10.2;Efficient Vectors;396
10.48.10.3;Pattern of Spread;396
10.48.11;Control Methods;396
10.48.11.1;Prophylactic Measures;396
10.48.11.2;Cross-Protection;397
10.48.11.3;Resistant Cultivars;397
10.48.12;Variability;397
10.48.13;Genetics and Evolution;398
10.48.14;Biotechnological Application;398
10.48.15;Further Reading;399
11;Plant Virus Diseases;400
11.1;Cereal Viruses: Maize/Corn;402
11.1.1;Introduction;402
11.1.2;Maize Virus Diseases;402
11.1.2.1;Barley Yellow Dwarf (MAV-PAS-PAV), Cereal Yellow Dwarf (GPV-RPS-RPV), RMV-SGV;402
11.1.2.2;Chloris Striate Mosaic Virus;402
11.1.2.3;Cynodon Chlorotic Streak;402
11.1.2.4;High Plains Virus;402
11.1.2.5;Johnson Grass Mosaic Virus;403
11.1.2.6;Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus;403
11.1.2.7;Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus;405
11.1.2.8;Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus;405
11.1.2.9;Maize Fine Streak Virus;405
11.1.2.10;Maize Indian Fiji-Like Virus;405
11.1.2.11;Maize Iranian Mosaic Virus;405
11.1.2.12;Maize Mosaic Virus;405
11.1.2.13;Maize Mottle Chlorotic Stunt Virus;406
11.1.2.14;Maize Necrotic Streak Virus;406
11.1.2.15;Maize Rayado Fino Virus;406
11.1.2.16;Maize Rough Dwarf Virus;406
11.1.2.17;Maize Sterile Stunt Virus;407
11.1.2.18;Maize Streak Virus;407
11.1.2.19;Maize Stripe Virus;407
11.1.2.20;Mal de Rio Cuarto Virus;407
11.1.2.21;Pennisetum Mosaic Virus;408
11.1.2.22;Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus;408
11.1.2.23;Sugarcane Mosaic Virus;408
11.1.2.24;Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus;408
11.1.3;Maize Diseases Caused by Complex of Pathogens;408
11.1.3.1;Corn Lethal Necrosis Complex;408
11.1.3.2;Corn Stunt Complex;408
11.1.4;Further Reading;408
11.2;Cereal Viruses: Rice;409
11.2.1;Glossary;409
11.2.2;Introduction;409
11.2.3;Rice Dwarf;409
11.2.4;Rice Black Streaked Dwarf;410
11.2.5;Rice Gall Dwarf;410
11.2.6;Rice Ragged Stunt;411
11.2.7;Rice Tungro;411
11.2.8;Rice Stripe;412
11.2.9;Rice Grassy Stunt;413
11.2.10;Rice Hoja Blanca;413
11.2.11;Rice Yellow Stunt;414
11.2.12;Rice Yellow Mottle;414
11.2.13;Rice Stripe Necrosis;414
11.2.14;Rice Necrosis Mosaic;415
11.2.15;Further Reading;415
11.3;Cereal Viruses: Wheat and Barley;416
11.3.1;Glossary;416
11.3.2;Introduction;416
11.3.3;Agropyron Mosaic Virus;416
11.3.4;Arabis Mosaic Virus;416
11.3.5;Aubian Wheat Mosaic Virus;416
11.3.6;Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus;416
11.3.7;Barley Yellow Streak Mosaic Virus;418
11.3.8;Barley Yellow Striate Mosaic Virus;418
11.3.9;Brazilian Wheat Spike Virus;418
11.3.10;Brome Mosaic Virus;418
11.3.11;Bymoviruses of Barley;418
11.3.11.1;Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus, Barley Mild Mosaic Virus;418
11.3.12;Bymoviruses of Wheat;419
11.3.12.1;Wheat Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus, Wheat Yellow Mosaic Virus;419
11.3.13;Furoviruses;419
11.3.13.1;Chinese Wheat Mosaic Virus, Soil-Borne Cereal Mosaic Virus, Soil-Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus;419
11.3.14;High Plains Virus;420
11.3.15;Indian Peanut Clump Virus;420
11.3.16;Iranian Wheat Stripe Virus;420
11.3.17;Maize Streak Virus - B Strain;420
11.3.18;Northern Cereal Mosaic Virus;420
11.3.19;Triticum Mosaic Virus;421
11.3.20;Wheat American Striate Mosaic Virus;421
11.3.21;Wheat Dwarf Virus;421
11.3.22;Wheat Eqlid Mosaic Virus;421
11.3.23;Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus;421
11.3.24;Wheat Yellow Head Virus;422
11.3.25;Wheat Yellow Leaf Virus;422
11.3.26;Yellow Dwarf Viruses;422
11.3.26.1;Barley Yellow Dwarf-MAV, -PAS, -PAV; Cereal Yellow Dwarf-GPV, -RPS, -RPV; RMV; SGV;422
11.3.27;Further Reading;423
11.4;Emerging Geminiviruses;423
11.4.1;Glossary;423
11.4.2;Introduction;423
11.4.3;The Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease;423
11.4.3.1;Geographical Distribution;423
11.4.3.2;Symptoms and Yield Losses;424
11.4.3.3;Causal Agent with Classification;424
11.4.3.4;Epidemiology;424
11.4.3.5;Control;424
11.4.4;The African Cassava Pandemic;424
11.4.4.1;Geographical Distribution;424
11.4.4.2;Symptoms and Yield Losses;424
11.4.4.3;Causal Agent with Classification;426
11.4.4.4;Epidemiology;427
11.4.4.5;Control;427
11.4.5;The Cotton Leaf Curl Disease in the Indian Subcontinent;427
11.4.5.1;Geographical Distribution;427
11.4.5.2;Symptoms and Losses;427
11.4.5.3;Causal Agent and Classification of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease;429
11.4.5.4;Epidemiology;429
11.4.5.5;Control;429
11.4.6;Conclusion;430
11.4.7;Further Reading;430
11.5;Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Plants;431
11.5.1;Introduction;431
11.5.2;Vegetable Viruses;431
11.5.2.1;Pepino Mosaic Virus;431
11.5.2.1.1;Geographical distribution;431
11.5.2.1.2;Disease symptoms and yield losses;431
11.5.2.1.3;Causal agent and classification;431
11.5.2.1.4;Epidemiology;431
11.5.2.1.5;Control;432
11.5.2.2;Criniviruses;432
11.5.2.3;Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus;432
11.5.2.3.1;Geographical distribution;432
11.5.2.3.2;Disease symptoms and yield losses;433
11.5.2.3.3;Causal agent and classification;433
11.5.2.3.4;Epidemiology;433
11.5.2.3.5;Control;433
11.5.2.4;Tomato Infectious Chlorosis Virus;433
11.5.2.4.1;Geographical distribution;433
11.5.2.4.2;Disease symptoms and yield losses;433
11.5.2.4.3;Causal agent and classification;433
11.5.2.4.4;Epidemiology;434
11.5.2.4.5;Control;434
11.5.2.5;Tomato Chlorosis Virus;434
11.5.2.5.1;Geographical distribution;434
11.5.2.5.2;Disease symptoms and yield losses;434
11.5.2.5.3;Causal agent and classification;434
11.5.2.5.4;Epidemiology;434
11.5.2.5.5;Control;434
11.5.2.6;Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus;434
11.5.2.6.1;Geographical distribution;434
11.5.2.6.2;Disease symptoms and yield losses;434
11.5.2.6.3;Causal agent and classification;434
11.5.2.6.4;Epidemiology;435
11.5.2.6.5;Control;435
11.5.3;Graft Incompatibility in Grapevines;435
11.5.3.1;Geographical Distribution;435
11.5.3.2;Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses;435
11.5.3.3;Causal Agents and Classification;435
11.5.3.4;Transmission;435
11.5.3.5;Control;435
11.5.4;Sudden Death of Citrus;436
11.5.4.1;Geographical Distribution;436
11.5.4.2;Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses;436
11.5.4.3;Causal Agent and Classification;436
11.5.4.4;Epidemiology;436
11.5.4.5;Control;436
11.5.5;Further Reading;436
11.6;Legume Viruses;437
11.6.1;Glossary;437
11.6.2;Introduction;437
11.6.3;Legumes;437
11.6.4;History of Legume Virology;438
11.6.5;Legume Viruses;438
11.6.5.1;Variation of Legume Viruses;439
11.6.6;Ecology;440
11.6.6.1;Sources of Infection;440
11.6.6.2;Means and Ways of Spread;440
11.6.6.2.1;By contact;440
11.6.6.2.2;Via seed;441
11.6.6.2.3;By living organisms;441
11.6.6.3;The Role of Man;442
11.6.7;Epidemiology;442
11.6.8;Economic Importance;443
11.6.9;Control;444
11.6.10;Further Reading;444
11.7;Plant Virus Diseases: Economic Aspects;445
11.7.1;Introduction;445
11.7.2;Citrus Tristeza Virus;446
11.7.3;Cassava Mosaic Disease;446
11.7.4;Virus Diseases of Potato;447
11.7.5;Virus Diseases of Sweet Potato;448
11.7.6;Cacao Swollen Shoot Disease;448
11.7.7;Whitefly-Transmitted Geminiviruses in Tomato;449
11.7.8;Plum Pox Virus Sharka Disease of Stone Fruits;449
11.7.9;Further Reading;449
11.7.10;Relevant Website;449
11.8;Plant Virus Diseases: Fruit Trees and Grapevine;450
11.8.1;Introduction;450
11.8.2;Virus Diseases of Grapevines;450
11.8.2.1;Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses;450
11.8.2.2;Geographical Distribution;450
11.8.2.3;Causal Agents and Classification;450
11.8.2.4;Transmission;451
11.8.2.5;Control;452
11.8.3;Virus Diseases of Stone Fruits;452
11.8.3.1;Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses;452
11.8.3.2;Geographical Distribution;453
11.8.3.3;Causal Agents and Classification;453
11.8.3.4;Transmission;453
11.8.3.5;Control;453
11.8.4;Virus Diseases of Pome Fruits;453
11.8.4.1;Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses;453
11.8.4.2;Geographical Distribution;454
11.8.4.3;Causal Agents and Classification;454
11.8.4.4;Transmission;454
11.8.4.5;Control;454
11.8.5;Virus Diseases of Walnut;454
11.8.5.1;Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses;454
11.8.5.2;Geographic Distribution;454
11.8.5.3;Causal Agent and Classification;454
11.8.5.4;Transmission;454
11.8.5.5;Control;455
11.8.6;Virus Disease of Hazelnut;455
11.8.6.1;Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses;455
11.8.6.2;Geographical Distribution;455
11.8.6.3;Causal Agents and Classification;455
11.8.6.4;Transmission;455
11.8.6.5;Control;455
11.8.7;Further Reading;455
11.9;Plant Virus Diseases: Ornamental Plants;455
11.9.1;Glossary;455
11.9.2;Introduction;456
11.9.3;Virus Diseases in Diverse Ornamentals;456
11.9.3.1;Virus Diseases of Pelargonium;456
11.9.3.1.1;Specific pelargonium viruses;457
11.9.3.1.2;Pelargonium nonspecific viruses;459
11.9.3.2;Virus Diseases of Solanaceae;459
11.9.3.2.1;Petunia, calibrachoa;459
11.9.3.2.1.1;Specific petunia viruses;459
11.9.3.2.1.2;Viruses nonspecific of petunias;460
11.9.3.2.2;Calibrachoa or `Million Bells´;462
11.9.3.3;Virus Diseases of Balsaminaceae;462
11.9.3.4;Virus Diseases of Scrophulariaceae;463
11.9.3.4.1;Bacopa, Diascia, Nemesia, Angelonia;463
11.9.3.5;Virus Diseases of Verbenaceae;467
11.9.3.6;Virus Diseases of Compositae;469
11.9.3.6.1;Osteospermum and dimorphotheca, dahlia, and chrysanthemum;469
11.9.3.6.1.1;Compositae or Asteraceae include plant species from all over the world;469
11.9.3.7;Virus Diseases of Liliaceae;472
11.9.3.7.1;Tulipa, Lilium;472
11.9.3.8;Virus Diseases of Orchidaceae;473
11.9.4;Virus Control in Ornamentals;474
11.9.5;Further Reading;476
11.9.6;Relevant Websites;477
11.10;Potato Viruses;477
11.10.1;Glossary;477
11.10.2;Introduction;477
11.10.3;Potato Viruses: One Century;477
11.10.4;Main Traits of the Viral Diseases in Potatoes;478
11.10.4.1;Symptomatology and Damages;478
11.10.4.2;Spread of Potato Viruses;478
11.10.4.3;Control Methods;483
11.10.4.3.1;Control of seed potatoes;483
11.10.4.3.2;Resistance;483
11.10.4.3.3;Quarantine measures;483
11.10.5;The Major Potato Viruses;483
11.10.5.1;Potato Virus Y;484
11.10.5.2;Potato Leafroll Virus;485
11.10.5.3;Potato Virus X;486
11.10.5.4;Potato Virus A;486
11.10.5.5;Potato Virus S and Potato Virus M;486
11.10.5.5.1;PVS;487
11.10.5.5.2;PVM;487
11.10.5.6;Tobacco Rattle Virus;487
11.10.5.7;Potato Mop-Top Virus;488
11.10.6;Viruses with Limited Significance;489
11.10.7;Further Reading;489
11.11;Tobacco Viruses;490
11.11.1;Glossary;490
11.11.2;Introduction;490
11.11.3;Viruses as Causal Agents of Tobacco Diseases;491
11.11.4;Tobacco in Virology History;491
11.11.5;Viruses Causing Economically Important Diseases of Tobacco;491
11.11.5.1;Tobamoviruses;491
11.11.5.2;Bromoviruses;491
11.11.5.2.1;Cucumber mosaic and alfalfa mosaic viruses;493
11.11.5.2.2;Tobacco streak virus;494
11.11.5.3;Potyviruses;494
11.11.5.3.1;Tobacco etch virus;494
11.11.5.3.2;Potato virus Y;494
11.11.5.3.3;Other potyviruses;494
11.11.5.4;Tospoviruses;494
11.11.5.5;Geminiviruses (Family Geminiviridae);495
11.11.5.5.1;Mastreviruses;495
11.11.5.5.2;Begomoviruses;495
11.11.6;Viruses Causing Diseases of Tobacco of Lesser or Minor Importance;495
11.11.6.1;Nepoviruses;495
11.11.6.2;Tobraviruses;496
11.11.6.3;Necroviruses;496
11.11.6.4;Varicosaviruses;496
11.11.6.5;Luteoviruses and Umbraviruses;496
11.11.6.5.1;Diseases caused by luteoviruses alone;496
11.11.6.5.2;Tobacco rosette and other diseases with dependent transmission;496
11.11.6.6;Tymoviruses;497
11.11.6.7;Nucleorhabdoviruses;497
11.11.7;Further Reading;497
11.11.8;Relevant Website;497
11.12;Vegetable Viruses;498
11.12.1;Glossary;498
11.12.2;Vegetables;498
11.12.3;Viruses;498
11.12.4;Ecology and Epidemiology;498
11.12.4.1;Host;498
11.12.4.2;Pathogen;498
11.12.4.3;Environment;500
11.12.5;Control Measures;500
11.12.6;A Few Special Cases;502
11.12.6.1;Cucumber Mosaic Virus;503
11.12.6.2;Garlic Viruses;503
11.12.6.3;Tobamoviruses;503
11.12.6.4;Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus;504
11.12.6.5;Turnip Mosaic Virus;504
11.12.6.6;Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus and Related Begomoviruses;505
11.12.6.7;Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus;505
11.12.7;Further Reading;506
11.12.8;Relevant Website;506
12;Fungal Viruses;508
12.1;Ascoviruses;510
12.1.1;Glossary;510
12.1.2;Introduction;510
12.1.3;History;510
12.1.4;Distribution and Taxonomy;510
12.1.5;Virion Structure and Composition;512
12.1.6;Transmission and Ecology;512
12.1.7;Host Range;514
12.1.8;Pathology and Pathogenesis;514
12.1.8.1;Signs of Disease;514
12.1.8.2;Cytopathology and Cell Biology;514
12.1.8.3;Tissue Tropism;515
12.1.9;Replication and Virion Assembly;515
12.1.10;Origin and Evolution;516
12.1.11;Future Perspectives;516
12.1.12;Further Reading;516
12.2;Barnaviruses;517
12.2.1;Glossary;517
12.2.2;Introduction;517
12.2.3;Virion Properties;517
12.2.4;Virion Structure and Composition;517
12.2.5;Genome Organization and Expression;517
12.2.6;Evolutionary Relationships;518
12.2.7;Transmission and Host Range;518
12.2.8;Further Reading;519
12.3;Chrysoviruses;519
12.3.1;Glossary;519
12.3.2;Introduction;519
12.3.3;Virion Properties;520
12.3.4;Genome Organization;520
12.3.5;Genome Expression and Replication;522
12.3.5.1;Chrysovirus dsRNA1s Code for RdRp;522
12.3.5.2;Chrysovirus dsRNA2s Code for CP;522
12.3.5.3;Chryso-P3 Shares a `Phytoreo S7 Domain´ with Core Proteins of Phytoreoviruses;524
12.3.5.4;Chryso-P4 is Virion Associated as a Minor Protein;524
12.3.5.5;Replication of Chrysoviruses;524
12.3.6;Virion Structure;524
12.3.7;Biological Properties;525
12.3.8;Evolutionary Relationships among Chrysoviruses;526
12.3.9;Future Perspectives;528
12.3.9.1;Functions of Chryso-P3 and Chryso-P4;528
12.3.9.2;Etiology of the CCRS Disease and Potential Occurrence of Plant Chrysoviruses;528
12.3.10;Further Reading;528
12.4;Dicistroviruses;529
12.4.1;Glossary;529
12.4.2;Introduction;529
12.4.3;Taxonomy and Classification;529
12.4.4;Biophysical Properties;529
12.4.5;Organization of the Dicistrovirus Genome;530
12.4.6;Virus Replication and Genome Expression;531
12.4.7;Host Range;532
12.4.8;Pathology and Transmission;534
12.4.9;Geographic and Strain Variation;534
12.4.10;Relationships within the Family;535
12.4.11;Similarity with Other Taxa;535
12.4.12;Further Reading;536
12.5;Fungal Viruses;536
12.5.1;Glossary;536
12.5.2;Introduction;536
12.5.3;Biological Properties;536
12.5.3.1;Host Range;536
12.5.3.2;Symptom Expression;537
12.5.3.3;Transmission;537
12.5.3.4;Mixed Infections;537
12.5.4;Fungal Virus Taxonomy;538
12.5.4.1;dsRNA Mycoviruses;538
12.5.4.2;ssRNA Viruses;538
12.5.4.3;Unassigned ssRNA Viruses;540
12.5.5;Replication and Gene Expression Strategy;541
12.5.6;Recent Technical Advances in Fungal Virology;541
12.5.7;Future Perspectives;542
12.5.7.1;Yeast as a (Model) Host to Study Viral Replication;542
12.5.7.2;Host Defense against Fungal Viruses;542
12.5.7.3;Role of Mycoviruses in Plant-Fungal Mutualistic Associations;542
12.5.7.4;Mycovirus as Biocontrol Agents and as Tools for Fundamental Studies;542
12.5.8;Further Reading;543
12.6;Hypovirulence;543
12.6.1;Glossary;543
12.6.2;Fungal Viruses;543
12.6.3;Hypovirulence;544
12.6.4;Perturbation of Virulence/Development;544
12.6.5;Structure and Classification of CHV1;545
12.6.6;Transmission of CHV1;545
12.6.7;Hypovirulence as Developmental Perturbation;546
12.6.8;Further Reading;549
12.7;Hypoviruses;549
12.7.1;Glossary;549
12.7.2;Introduction;549
12.7.3;Taxonomy and Genetic Organization;550
12.7.4;Hypovirus Gene Expression Strategy;550
12.7.5;Hypovirus-Host Interactions;552
12.7.6;Prospects for Biological Control;553
12.7.7;Further Reading;554
12.8;Mycoreoviruses;554
12.8.1;Structure-Function Relationships;555
12.8.2;Taxonomy and Nomenclature;556
12.8.3;Genome Structures, Organizations, and Relationships;556
12.8.4;Mycoreovirus-1/Cp9B21;557
12.8.4.1;Expression of MyRV-1/Cp9B21 Gene Products;558
12.8.5;Mycoreovirus-2/CpC18;558
12.8.6;Mycoreovirus-3/RnW370;558
12.8.7;Effects of Mycoreoviruses on Fungal Gene Expression;559
12.8.8;Further Reading;559
12.9;Narnaviruses;560
12.9.1;Glossary;560
12.9.2;Introduction;560
12.9.3;Historical Background;560
12.9.4;Viral Genomes;560
12.9.5;Ribonucleoprotein Complexes as Viral Entities;562
12.9.6;Replication Intermediates;562
12.9.7;Generation of Narnaviruses In Vivo;562
12.9.8;cis-Acting Signals for Replication;563
12.9.9;cis-Signals for Formation of Ribonucleoprotein Complexes;564
12.9.10;Narnavirus Persistence in the Host;564
12.9.11;Further Reading;566
12.10;Partitiviruses of Fungi;566
12.10.1;Introduction;566
12.10.2;Taxonomy and Classification;567
12.10.3;Virion Properties;567
12.10.4;Virion Structure and Composition;567
12.10.5;Antigenic Properties;568
12.10.6;Genome Organization;568
12.10.7;Genome Expression and Virus Multiplication;568
12.10.8;Phylogenetic Relationships among Fungal Partitiviruses;570
12.10.9;Transmission of Partitiviruses;570
12.10.10;Partitivirus Pathogenesis;571
12.10.11;Further Reading;571
12.11;Prions of Yeast and Fungi;571
12.11.1;Glossary;571
12.11.2;Introduction and History;571
12.11.3;Genetic Signature of a Prion;572
12.11.4;Self-Propagating Amyloid as the Basis for Most Yeast Prions;572
12.11.5;Chaperones and Prions;573
12.11.6;The Species Barrier and Prion Variants;573
12.11.7;Formation of Prions by Sup35p and Ure2p Homologs;573
12.11.8;Prion Generation, and [PIN]: A Prion That Gives Rise to Prions;574
12.11.9;Transfection with Amyloid of Recombinant Proteins;574
12.11.10;Shuffling Prion Domains and Amyloid Structure;574
12.11.11;Shuffleable Prion Domains Suggests Parallel In-Register beta-Sheet Structure;574
12.11.12;Biological Roles of Prions: A Help or a Hindrance?;575
12.11.13;Enzyme as Prion;575
12.11.14;Further Reading;575
12.12;Retrotransposons of Fungi;576
12.12.1;Glossary;576
12.12.2;Introduction;576
12.12.3;Types of Retrotransposons;577
12.12.4;Distribution of Retrotransposons;580
12.12.5;Retrotransposon Replication;581
12.12.5.1;LTR Retrotransposons;581
12.12.5.2;Target-Primed Retrotransposons;582
12.12.5.3;Other Retrotransposons;582
12.12.6;Retrotransposons and Fungal Genomes;583
12.12.7;Uses of Fungal Retrotransposons;584
12.12.8;Further Reading;584
12.13;Totiviruses;584
12.13.1;Glossary;584
12.13.2;Introduction;585
12.13.3;Taxonomy and Classification;585
12.13.4;Virion Properties;585
12.13.5;Virion Structure and Composition;586
12.13.6;Genome Organization and Expression;587
12.13.7;Virus Replication Cycle;588
12.13.8;Biological Properties;589
12.13.9;Virus-Host Relationships;591
12.13.10;Evolutionary Relationships among Totiviruses;593
12.13.11;Further Reading;595
12.14;Ustilago Maydis Viruses;595
12.14.1;Glossary;595
12.14.2;Introduction;595
12.14.3;Taxonomy;596
12.14.4;Genome Structure;596
12.14.4.1;The Ustilago maydis Killer Toxins;597
12.14.5;Replication and Transcription;599
12.14.6;Viral Structure;599
12.14.7;Genetic Engineering;600
12.14.8;Further Reading;600
12.15;Yeast L-A Virus;601
12.15.1;Glossary;601
12.15.2;Introduction;601
12.15.3;History;601
12.15.4;Virion Structure;601
12.15.5;Genome Organization;601
12.15.6;Replication Cycle;602
12.15.6.1;Transcription;602
12.15.6.2;RNA Packaging;602
12.15.6.3;RNA Replication;602
12.15.7;Viral Translation;602
12.15.8;L-A Genetics;604
12.15.9;Other RNA Replicons in Yeast: L-BC, 20S RNA, 23S RNA;604
12.15.10;Further Reading;604
13;Subject Index;606mehr

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