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Brain and Behaviour

E-BookEPUBDRM AdobeE-Book
554 Seiten
Englisch
Elsevier Science & Techn.erschienen am22.10.2013
Brain and Behaviourmehr

Produkt

KlappentextBrain and Behaviour
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781483190129
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatEPUB
Format HinweisDRM Adobe
Erscheinungsjahr2013
Erscheinungsdatum22.10.2013
Seiten554 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
Dateigrösse10114 Kbytes
Artikel-Nr.2972422
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
Foreword
Preface
Learning in Isolated Neuronal Structures
Introduction to Learning in Isolated Neuronal Structures (Intracellular Mechanisms of the Associative Learning)
Pacemaker Plasticity in Isolated Neuron
Potential Sites for Learning in the Gastropod Central Nervous System
Aversive Learning in Command Neurons
Behavioral and Cellular Studies of Associative Learning in Aplysia
Plastic Changes in Isolated Neurons
Associative Learning in Completely Isolated Neurons
Concluding Remarks on Learning in Isolated Neuronal Structures
Developmental Plasticity of CNS
Introduction to Developmental Plasticity of the Central Nervous System
Barrel Formation and Cortical Function after Cutting or Crushing the Infra-orbital Nerve in Rats
Maturation of the REM-sleep Patterns from Child through Adulthood
Mechanisms of Conditioning, Learning and Memory
Introduction to Mechanisms of Conditioning, Learning and Memory (Mechanism of Normal and Pathological Temporary Connections)
Two-way Connection as a Basic Principle of Neurophysiology
Elementary Learning Phenomena in Food Selection
Specific and Nonspecific Manifestations of Learning in the Electrical Activity of the Brain
Pharmacological Modulation of Formation of Long-term Memory
Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
Phasic and Tonic Defensive Conditioned Reactions in Human Trans-switching
Concluding Remarks on Mechanisms of Conditioning, Learning and Memory
Visceral Learning
Introduction to Visceral Learning
Learning in the Homeostatic Regulation of Visceral Processes
Habituation in Visceral Systems and its Possible Mechanisms
On the Control of Certain Involuntary Functions in Normal Subjects and in Patients with some Neurological Diseases
The Role of Instrumental Learning in the Organization and Maintenance of Physiological Control Mechanisms
Modulation of Baroreceptor Sensitivity during Operant Cardiac Conditioning
Conditioned Blood Pressure Elevations in the Baboon
Heart Rate Conditioning Experiments in Humans
Biofeedback-aided Self-regulation of Hand Temperature
Perception of Rectal Distension is Necessary to Prevent Fecal Incontinence
Concluding Remarks on Visceral Learning
Cortical Sensory-motor Integration
Introduction to Cortical Sensory-motor Integration
Caudato-cortical Interrelations in Behavioral Act
Neuronal Processing Related to Sensory Inputs, Intermediate Learning Processes, and the Initiation of Motor Responses
Cortical Unit Activity and Motor Act Programming
What Macro-potentials Tell Us about the Functions of Monkeys Prefrontal Cortex
Functional Organization of Conditioned Placing Reaction
Concluding Remarks on Cortical Sensory-motor Integration
Functions of Mammalian Associative Cortex
Introduction to Functions of Mammalian Associative Cortex. Clues to Functional Organization of Afferenting Projections in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Anatomical Organization and Functional Role of Afferents to Posterior Suprasylvian Cortex in Cats
Visual Mechanisms in the Temporal and Prestriate Association Cortices of the Monkey
Properties of Inferior Temporal Neurons in the Macaque
Neural Correlates of Space Perception in the Parietal Association Cortex of the Monkey
Discussion on Mechanisms of Parietal Cortex; How to Study Associative Systems
Thalamo-cortical Mediation of Perception and Memory in Man
Timing of Cerebral Processes Relative to Concomitant Conscious Experiences in Man
Concluding Remarks on Functions of Mammalian Associative Cortex
Psychophysiology of Motivation
Introduction to Psychophysiology of Motivation (Organization of the Corticolimbic-reticular Axis in Regulating Hypothalamic Activity)
Pallidal Mechanisms and Feeding Behavior
Neuronal Activity in Motivation of Feeding Behavior
The Role of Subthalamic Mechanisms in Hunger and Thirst
Effect of Monoaminergic Stimulation of Hippocampus and Amygdala on Alimentary Motivation and Complex Conditioned Reflex
The Specific and Nonspecific Behavioral Effects of Intestinal Stimulation in Rats
Peripheral Modulation of Hypothalamic Neurons Involved in Drinking and Eating
Concluding Remarks on Psychophysiology of Motivation
Electrophysiological Basis of Verbal and Cognitive Behavior
Physiological Correlates of States and Activities in the Central Nervous System
Mass Brain Electrical Potential (BEP) Correlates of Cognitive Function in Healthy People
Electrophysiological Correlates of Language: Studies in Aphasia
Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunctions in Psychiatric Patients, Including Senile Dementia
Anomalous Electrical Brain Responses in Children with Learning Problems
Concluding Remarks on Electrophysiological Basis of Verbal and Cognitive Behavior
Psychophysiology of Altered States of Consciousness
Recent Research in the Physiology of Meditation
Sleep and Hypnosis: Accessibility of Altered States of Consciousness
Alteration of Activity Level: The Essence of Hypnosis or a Byproduct of the Type of Induction?
Evoked Potential, Reflecting Hypnotically Altered State of Consciousness
Psychophysiology Today and Tomorrow
Introduction to Psychophysiology Today and Tomorrow
Manipulation of Various Aspects on the Emotional Behavior by Amygdalar Lesions and Imipramine Treatment
Neuronal Systems Related to Behavioral Change
The Intake of Sodium Chloride: Its Regulation by the Central Nervous System
Kindling, Transference Phenomenon between Temporal Cortex and Limbic Structures in Cats
Kindling as a Tool for Psycho-physiological Studies
Progress on the Physiological Bases of Memory
Concluding Remarks on Psychophysiology Today and Tomorrow
Indexmehr
Leseprobe

PACEMAKER PLASTICITY IN ISOLATED NEURON


E.N. Sokolov and T.N. Grechenko,     Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR


Publisher Summary

This chapter focuses on the pacemaker plasticity in isolated neuron as revealed by an experiment. The pacemaker potentials are regular or bursting spindle-like oscillations preserved after the complete isolation of a given neuron from the nervous system. The intracellular injections of electric current via micropipettes modify the pacemaker activity both in intact and completely isolated neurons. To test the endoneuronal plasticity of the pacemaker mechanism, the repeated intracellular current injections were used in completely isolated neuronal soma through an intracellular microelectrode. The responses of the completely isolated neuron were registered via independent recording microelectrode inserted into the same neuron. The experiments made on the completely isolated neuronal soma demonstrated the processes of habituation and adaptation to the injected anionic and cationic current. The pacemaker potential took part in these plastic modifications of the neuronal response. The repeated presentations of the anionic and cationic intracellular pulses resulted in the progressive decline in the initial response or increase. It can be concluded that the intracellular microtubular system is responsible for the modifications of the pacemaker sensitivity to the injected current.


It is widely accepted that plastic changes in the nervous system are determined mainly by synaptic modifications. This is not the total truth, however. Intrinsic oscillatory neuronal mechanism generating pacemaker potentials demonstrates an endoneuronal plasticity independent from synaptic structures /Sokolov, 1978/.

The pacemaker potentials are regular or bursting spindlelike oscillations preserved after the complete isolation of a given neuron from the nervous system /Baumgarten et al., 1971/.

The intracellular injections of electric current via micropipettes modify the pacemaker activity both in intact and completely isolated neurons /Alving, 1967; Sokolov et al., 1977/.

To test the endoneuronal plasticity of the pacemaker mechanism, the repeated intracellular current injections were used in completely isolated neuronal soma through an intracellular microelectrode. The responses of the completely isolated neuron were registered via independent recording microelectrode inserted into the same neuron.

METHOD

The experiments were done on completely isolated neurons. The tripsine solution /0.5%/ was injected into the parietal and visceral ganglia. The preparation was placed into thermostate and was kept there for 17-25 minutes. The single units were extracted by the microneedles and micropipettes. The completely isolated neurons were placed into the plexiglass bath with the physiological solution changed at a rate of 0.5-2.0 ml/min.

The depolarizing and hyperpolarizing current was injected into the isolated soma through a second microelectrode inserted into the same neuron. The microelectrodes used for the registration and stimulation were filled by 2 M potassium citrate. The strength of the electric current was 0.12-4.5 nA. The duration of the electrical pulses was 50-10000ms. The neuronal electrical activity was recorded on moving film. The pacemaker activity of 280 completely isolated neuronal somas were studied.


RESULTS

The plastic changes in regular pacemaker neuron. The cationic current injected into spontaneously active isolated neuron resulted in the augmentation of amplitude and frequency of the pacemaker oscillations /fig. 1/. The long-lasting depolarization is often charecterized by the dimunition of the effect evoked by the injected current. The amplitude and the frequency of the pacemaker waves are reduced down to the initial level demonstrating the adaptation of the pacemaker mechanism /fig. 1/ This adaptation was seen despite the fact that the depolarization level remains unchanged during the period of current injection. The adaptation of the pacemaker mechanism belongs to the actual form of neuronal plasticity.


Fig. 1 The process of adaptation to the injected cationic current of 0.3nA. Duration of stimulation: 3 min; a- the background activity of the soma before stimulation; b- the first 10.5 s of stimulus presentation; c- the neuronal activity after 2 min of current injection; d- the switching off of the soma activity after 2.5 min of stimulus presentation. The level of membrane potential /MP/ before stimulation was −62 mV. The depolarization to stimulus action was 2 mV. Calibrations: 10 mV, 1 sec.


The other form of plasticity is the habituation evoked by repeated current injections separated by different intervals. The pacemaker habituation in isolated neuron manifests itself in a gradual reduction of the response in each of the following trials /Grechenko et al., 1979/. The total response is measured as a difference between background activity, which is usually kept constant. The habituation can be related to the processes: reduction of the responsiveness and the intensification of the adaptation in each following trial.

The habituation resulted either from a drop of responsiveness or intensification of the adaptation process is dishabituated if the rest between the trials is introduced. The next trial is characterized by recovery of the initial value of the responsiveness or re-estabilishment of the initial adaptation process.

The other form of the dishabituation of the pacemaker responses is a re-establishment of the initial response to the test stimulus after a strong current of the same polarity injected into the cell body. This effect is characterized by augmented response to the following stimulus of the initial amplitude /fig. 2/.


Fig. 2 The habituation of the neuronal response to the intracellular injections of the cationic current. The intensity is 1.2 nA, the duration is 10 s, the frequency of stimulation is 0.1 Hz; a- the response to the third presentation of the electrical pulse; b- the gardual decrease of the neuronal response to the 10th presentation of the stimulus; c- neuronal activity produced by the 15th electricual pulse; d- restoration of the initial response after habituation by the presented extrastimulus /depolarizing pulse, intensity: 3nA, duration: 10 s/. Calibration: 10mV, 1sec.


The repeated presentation of cationic current after the dishabituation resulted from a rest put forward a new process of reduction of responses in the isolated pacemaker cell. The process of habituation in such a case progresses more rapidly. The combination of rest and trial of pulses resulting in a process of habituation is useful for the differentiation of acute /short-term/ and chronic /long-term/ habituation. The short-term plasticity is a gradual decrease of responses in a single session. The chronic plasticity is the reduction of the responses and efficiency of habituation developed from session to session.

The chronic habituation is accumulated from session to session indicating that pacemaker changes might be kept as long as several hours.

The anionic current injected into spontaneously active isolated regular pacemaker neuron resulted in the depression of the pacemaker activity. The adaptation as an actual plasticity expressed in a gradual recovery of the pacemaker waves during the injection despite the fact that the mambrane remained hyperpolarized /fig. 3/. This adaptation to the anionic current is similar to the adaptation to cationic current.


Fig. 3 Adaptation to the injected hyperpolarization pulses. The intensitiy of the hyperpolarizing current is 0.3 nA; a- the first presentation of the hyperpolarizing pulse to spontaneously active neuronal soma; the duartion of the electrical current was 11 s; b- the 6th and the 7th presentations of the hyperpolarizing pulses. The duration of the 6th presentation was 5 s, that of the 7th was 7 s; c- the 10th and the 11th presentations /6 s, 5 s, respectively/. Calibrations: 10mV, 1sec.


The repeated presentation of the anionic current pulses lead to the habituation. In this case the habituation is displayed as a gradual increase in the pacemaker activity during hyperpolarization /fig. 3/.

Again, this habituation has two distinct forms: reduction of responsiveness to the hyperpolarizing shift of the mebrane potantial and accelaration of the adaptation process during each following current pulse.

The dishabituation after a rest is expressed in the augmentation of the depression of the pacemaker activity produced by the hyperpolarizing current. The stronger current given to the cell body hyperpolarizing the membrane resulted in an augmentation of the depression of the pacemeker waves. The following test stimulus of initial magnitude is characterized by dishabituation, which in this case consitst of a more efficiant depression of the pacemaker activity than it had taken place before a stronger current.

Now, the acute and chronic plasticity are also present during anionic injections. The decrese of the depression reached in a single session after a rest is partially re-established. Under repetitions of the sessions interrupted by rest intervals, the gardual decline...


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