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Aircraft Control Allocation

E-BookPDF2 - DRM Adobe / Adobe Ebook ReaderE-Book
312 Seiten
Englisch
John Wiley & Sonserschienen am15.11.20161. Auflage
Aircraft Control Allocation

Wayne Durham, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA

Kenneth A. Bordignon, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA

Roger Beck, Dynamic Concepts, Inc., USA

 

An authoritative work on aircraft control allocation by its pioneers

 

Aircraft Control Allocation addresses the problem of allocating supposed redundant flight controls. It provides introductory material on flight dynamics and control to provide the context, and then describes in detail the geometry of the problem. The book includes a large section on solution methods, including 'Banks' method', a previously unpublished procedure. Generalized inverses are also discussed at length. There is an introductory section on linear programming solutions, as well as an extensive and comprehensive appendix dedicated to linear programming formulations and solutions. Discrete-time, or frame-wise allocation, is presented, including rate-limiting, nonlinear data, and preferred solutions.

 

Key features:
Written by pioneers in the field of control allocation.
Comprehensive explanation and discussion of the major control allocation solution methods.
Extensive treatment of linear programming solutions to control allocation.
A companion web site contains the code of a MATLAB/Simulink flight simulation with modules that incorporate all of the major solution methods.
Includes examples based on actual aircraft.

 

 

The book is a vital reference for researchers and practitioners working in aircraft control, as well as graduate students in aerospace engineering.


Wayne Durham had a full career as a U.S. Navy fighter pilot and test pilot. He is a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. After retiring from the Navy he earned a Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering at Virginia Tech, researching model-following control under the guidance of the late Fred Lutze. He remained at Virginia Tech teaching aerospace engineering and researching aircraft control, including seminal studies of control allocation.
After earning his Ph.D. from Virginia Tech, Ken Bordignon spent eight years at for Lockheed Martin working on various Advanced Development Projects, including the Joint Strike Fighter Concept Demonstration Aircraft, the X-35. Since 2008 he has taught at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, Arizona.
Roger Beck has worked as a support contractor providing flight mechanics, simulation, guidance, navigation, and control support to NASA for a variety of aerospace projects. As part of his graduate work at Virginia Tech, Dr. Beck studied the extension of control allocation techniques to systems with more than three objectives. Working with NASA, he has supported flight tests of a variety of different vehicles including UAV flight systems, atmospheric tests of launch vehicles, hypersonic vehicles, even earth and planetary re-entry systems. In addition to flight projects, Dr. Beck provides analytical support to a variety of conceptual studies ranging ground test infrastructure to space technology demonstration missions. Currently, Dr. Beck is employed by Dynamic Concepts, Incorporated of Huntsville, Alabama, working as part of the Flight Mechanics team for the SLS launch vehicle at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.mehr
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Produkt

KlappentextAircraft Control Allocation

Wayne Durham, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA

Kenneth A. Bordignon, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA

Roger Beck, Dynamic Concepts, Inc., USA

 

An authoritative work on aircraft control allocation by its pioneers

 

Aircraft Control Allocation addresses the problem of allocating supposed redundant flight controls. It provides introductory material on flight dynamics and control to provide the context, and then describes in detail the geometry of the problem. The book includes a large section on solution methods, including 'Banks' method', a previously unpublished procedure. Generalized inverses are also discussed at length. There is an introductory section on linear programming solutions, as well as an extensive and comprehensive appendix dedicated to linear programming formulations and solutions. Discrete-time, or frame-wise allocation, is presented, including rate-limiting, nonlinear data, and preferred solutions.

 

Key features:
Written by pioneers in the field of control allocation.
Comprehensive explanation and discussion of the major control allocation solution methods.
Extensive treatment of linear programming solutions to control allocation.
A companion web site contains the code of a MATLAB/Simulink flight simulation with modules that incorporate all of the major solution methods.
Includes examples based on actual aircraft.

 

 

The book is a vital reference for researchers and practitioners working in aircraft control, as well as graduate students in aerospace engineering.


Wayne Durham had a full career as a U.S. Navy fighter pilot and test pilot. He is a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. After retiring from the Navy he earned a Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering at Virginia Tech, researching model-following control under the guidance of the late Fred Lutze. He remained at Virginia Tech teaching aerospace engineering and researching aircraft control, including seminal studies of control allocation.
After earning his Ph.D. from Virginia Tech, Ken Bordignon spent eight years at for Lockheed Martin working on various Advanced Development Projects, including the Joint Strike Fighter Concept Demonstration Aircraft, the X-35. Since 2008 he has taught at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, Arizona.
Roger Beck has worked as a support contractor providing flight mechanics, simulation, guidance, navigation, and control support to NASA for a variety of aerospace projects. As part of his graduate work at Virginia Tech, Dr. Beck studied the extension of control allocation techniques to systems with more than three objectives. Working with NASA, he has supported flight tests of a variety of different vehicles including UAV flight systems, atmospheric tests of launch vehicles, hypersonic vehicles, even earth and planetary re-entry systems. In addition to flight projects, Dr. Beck provides analytical support to a variety of conceptual studies ranging ground test infrastructure to space technology demonstration missions. Currently, Dr. Beck is employed by Dynamic Concepts, Incorporated of Huntsville, Alabama, working as part of the Flight Mechanics team for the SLS launch vehicle at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781118827765
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
FormatFormat mit automatischem Seitenumbruch (reflowable)
Erscheinungsjahr2016
Erscheinungsdatum15.11.2016
Auflage1. Auflage
Seiten312 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
Dateigrösse5920 Kbytes
Artikel-Nr.3017884
Rubriken
Genre9201

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Cover;1
2;Title Page;7
3;Copyright;8
4;Contents;9
5;Dedication;15
6;Series Preface;17
7;Glossary;19
8;About the Companion Website;25
9;Chapter 1 Introduction;27
9.1;1.1 Redundant Control Effectors;27
9.2;1.2 Overview;29
9.3;References;31
10;Chapter 2 Aircraft Control;32
10.1;2.1 Flight Dynamics;32
10.1.1;2.1.1 Equations of Motion;32
10.1.2;2.1.2 Linearized Equations of Motion;36
10.2;2.2 Control;38
10.2.1;2.2.1 General;38
10.2.2;2.2.2 Aircraft Control Effectors;39
10.2.3;2.2.3 Aircraft Control Inceptors;43
10.3;2.3 Afterword;44
10.4;References;45
11;Chapter 3 Control Laws;46
11.1;3.1 Flying Qualities;46
11.1.1;3.1.1 Requirements;47
11.1.2;3.1.2 Control Law Design to Satisfy Flying Qualities Requirements;47
11.2;3.2 Dynamic-inversion Control Laws;47
11.2.1;3.2.1 Basics;47
11.2.2;3.2.2 Types of Equations;48
11.2.3;3.2.3 The Controlled Equations;49
11.2.4;3.2.4 The Kinematic and Complementary Equations;51
11.3;3.3 Model-following Control Laws;53
11.4;3.4 'Conventional' Control Laws;53
11.5;3.5 Afterword;54
11.6;References;55
12;Chapter 4 The Problem;56
12.1;4.1 Control Effectiveness;56
12.2;4.2 Constraints;57
12.3;4.3 Control Allocation;57
12.3.1;4.3.1 The Control Allocation Problem;58
12.4;4.4 Afterword;58
12.5;References;59
13;Chapter 5 The Geometry of Control Allocation;60
13.1;5.1 Admissible Controls;60
13.1.1;5.1.1 General;60
13.1.2;5.1.2 Objects;60
13.1.3;5.1.3 Intersection and Union;63
13.1.4;5.1.4 Convex Hull;65
13.2;5.2 Attainable Moments;65
13.3;5.3 The Two-moment Problem;69
13.3.1;5.3.1 Area Calculations;74
13.4;5.4 The Three-moment Problem;75
13.4.1;5.4.1 Determination of ?3;75
13.4.2;5.4.2 Volume Calculations;82
13.5;5.5 Significance of the Maximum Set;84
13.5.1;5.5.1 As a Standard of Comparison of Different Methods;85
13.5.2;5.5.2 Maneuver Requirements;86
13.5.3;5.5.3 Control Failure Reconfiguration;88
13.6;5.6 Afterword;88
13.7;References;90
14;Chapter 6 Solutions;91
14.1;6.1 On-line vs. Off-line Solutions;91
14.1.1;6.1.1 On-line Solutions;91
14.1.2;6.1.2 Off-line Solutions;91
14.2;6.2 Optimal vs. Non-optimal Solutions;92
14.2.1;6.2.1 Maximum Capabilities;92
14.2.2;6.2.2 Maximum Volume;92
14.2.3;6.2.3 Nearest to Preferred;92
14.2.4;6.2.4 Unattainable Moments;93
14.3;6.3 Preferred Solutions;94
14.4;6.4 Ganging;94
14.5;6.5 Generalized Inverses;96
14.5.1;6.5.1 The General Case, and the Significance of P2;96
14.5.2;6.5.2 Tailored Generalized Inverses;99
14.5.3;6.5.3 'Best' Generalized Inverse;100
14.5.4;6.5.4 Pseudo-inverses;101
14.5.5;6.5.5 Methods that Incorporate Generalized Inverses;103
14.6;6.6 Direct Allocation;106
14.6.1;6.6.1 The Direct Method for the Two-moment Problem;107
14.6.2;6.6.2 The Direct Method for the Three-moment Problem;108
14.7;6.7 Edge and Facet Searching;110
14.7.1;6.7.1 Two-dimensional Edge Searching;111
14.7.2;6.7.2 Three-dimensional Facet Searching;114
14.8;6.8 Banks' Method;116
14.8.1;6.8.1 Finding the Original Three Vertices;118
14.8.2;6.8.2 Determining a New Vertex;119
14.8.3;6.8.3 Replacing an Old Vertex;119
14.8.4;6.8.4 Terminating the Algorithm;121
14.9;6.9 Linear Programming;121
14.9.1;6.9.1 Casting Control Allocation as a Linear Program;122
14.9.2;6.9.2 Simplex;125
14.10;6.10 Moments Attainable by Various Solution Methods;126
14.10.1;6.10.1 General Case (Three-moment Problem);127
14.10.2;6.10.2 Generalized Inverses (Two- and Three-moment Problems);128
14.11;6.11 Examples;137
14.11.1;6.11.1 Generalized Inverses;137
14.11.2;6.11.2 Direct Allocation;145
14.11.3;6.11.3 Edge and Facet Searching;148
14.11.4;6.11.4 Banks' Method;154
14.11.5;6.11.5 Linear Programming;158
14.11.6;6.11.6 Convex-hull Volume Calculations;160
14.12;6.12 Afterword;163
14.13;References;163
15;Chapter 7 Frame-wise Control Allocation;165
15.1;7.1 General;165
15.2;7.2 Path Dependency;167
15.2.1;7.2.1 Examples of Path Dependency;168
15.3;7.3 Global vs. Local Control Effectiveness;173
15.4;7.4 Restoring;175
15.4.1;7.4.1 The Augmented B matrix;176
15.4.2;7.4.2 Implementation;178
15.4.3;7.4.3 Chattering;179
15.4.4;7.4.4 Minimum-norm Restoring;180
16;Chapter 8 Control Allocation and Flight Control System Design;187
16.1;8.1 Dynamic-inversion Desired Accelerations;187
16.1.1;8.1.1 The Desired Acceleration: x? des;187
16.1.2;8.1.2 Command and Regulator Examples;189
16.2;8.2 The Maximum Set and Control Law Design;194
16.2.1;8.2.1 In the Design Process;194
16.2.2;8.2.2 In a Mature Design;198
16.2.3;8.2.3 Non-optimal Example;200
16.3;References;203
17;Chapter 9 Applications;204
17.1;9.1 Lessons Learned from the Design of the X-35 Flight Control System;204
17.1.1;9.1.1 Theory vs. Practice;204
17.2;9.2 Uses of Redundancy;205
17.2.1;9.2.1 Preferred Solutions;205
17.2.2;9.2.2 Resolving Path-dependency Issues;206
17.3;9.3 Design Constraints;206
17.3.1;9.3.1 Axis Prioritization;206
17.3.2;9.3.2 Structural Loads;208
17.3.3;9.3.3 Effector Bandwidth;209
17.3.4;9.3.4 Gain Limiting and Stability Margins;210
17.4;9.4 Failure Accommodation;210
17.5;References;211
18;Appendix A Linear Programming;212
18.1;A.1 Control Allocation as a Linear Program;213
18.1.1;A.1.1 Optimality for Attainable Commands;214
18.1.2;A.1.2 Optimality for Unattainable Commands;214
18.2;A.2 Standard Forms for Linear Programming Problems;219
18.2.1;A.2.1 Dealing with Negative Unknowns;220
18.2.2;A.2.2 Dealing with Inequality Constraints;221
18.2.3;A.2.3 Writing a Program for Control Allocation in Standard Form;223
18.2.4;A.2.4 Revised Standard Form with Upper Bound;225
18.3;A.3 Properties of Linear Program Solutions;227
18.3.1;A.3.1 Basic Solutions;228
18.3.2;A.3.2 Degenerate Basic Solutions;229
18.3.3;A.3.3 Basic Feasible Solutions;230
18.4;A.4 Allocating Feasible Commands;230
18.4.1;A.4.1 Minimizing Error to a Preferred Solution;231
18.4.2;A.4.2 Minimizing Maximum Errors;235
18.4.3;A.4.3 Optimizing Linear Secondary Objectives;238
18.5;A.5 Building a Control Allocator for Feasible and Infeasible Solutions;239
18.5.1;A.5.1 Dual Branch;240
18.5.2;A.5.2 Single-branch or Mixed Optimization;241
18.5.3;A.5.3 Reduced Program Size without Secondary Optimization;244
18.6;A.6 Solvers;245
18.6.1;A.6.1 Preprocessing;246
18.6.2;A.6.2 Solution Algorithms;247
18.6.3;A.6.3 Simplex Method;248
18.6.4;A.6.4 Initialization of the Simplex Algorithm;258
18.7;A.7 Afterword;260
18.8;References;261
19;Appendix B Flight Simulation;263
19.1;B.1 Introduction;263
19.2;B.2 Modifications;263
19.2.1;B.2.1 Three of the top-level blocks have been left almost completely unaltered;263
19.2.2;B.2.2 Minor modifications consist of the new Pilot and Sensors blocks;264
19.3;B.3 NDI_CLAW;264
19.3.1;B.3.1 NDI_CLAW/Rate Transition;264
19.3.2;B.3.2 NDI_CLAW/PILOT_Mod;264
19.3.3;B.3.3 NDI_CLAW/INPUT;265
19.3.4;B.3.4 NDI_CLAW/MissionManager;265
19.3.5;B.3.5 NDI_CLAW/DynamicInversionControl;266
19.4;References;272
20;Appendix C Annotated Bibliography;273
20.1;References;273
21;Index;303
22;EULA;308mehr

Autor

Wayne Durham, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA.

Kenneth A. Bordignon, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA.

Roger Beck, Dynamic Concepts, Inc., USA.
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