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Coral Bleaching

E-BookPDF1 - PDF WatermarkE-Book
356 Seiten
Englisch
Springer International Publishingerschienen am05.07.20182nd ed. 2018
One of the most serious consequences of global climate change for coral reefs is the increased frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events and, since the first edition of this volume was published in 2009, there have been additional mass coral bleaching events. This book provides comprehensive information on the causes and consequences of coral bleaching for coral reef ecosystems, from the genes and microbes involved in the bleaching response, to individual coral colonies and whole reef systems. It presents detailed analyses of how coral bleaching can be detected and quantified and reviews future scenarios based on modeling efforts and the potential mechanisms of acclimatisation and adaptation. It also briefly discusses emerging research areas that focus on the development of innovative interventions aiming to increase coral climate resilience and restore reefs.



Madeleine J.H. van Oppen
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia and School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
e-mail: madeleine.van@unimelb.edu.au

J.M. Lough
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
e-mail: j.lough@aims.gov.aumehr
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Produkt

KlappentextOne of the most serious consequences of global climate change for coral reefs is the increased frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events and, since the first edition of this volume was published in 2009, there have been additional mass coral bleaching events. This book provides comprehensive information on the causes and consequences of coral bleaching for coral reef ecosystems, from the genes and microbes involved in the bleaching response, to individual coral colonies and whole reef systems. It presents detailed analyses of how coral bleaching can be detected and quantified and reviews future scenarios based on modeling efforts and the potential mechanisms of acclimatisation and adaptation. It also briefly discusses emerging research areas that focus on the development of innovative interventions aiming to increase coral climate resilience and restore reefs.



Madeleine J.H. van Oppen
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia and School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
e-mail: madeleine.van@unimelb.edu.au

J.M. Lough
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
e-mail: j.lough@aims.gov.au
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9783319753935
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark
FormatE107
Erscheinungsjahr2018
Erscheinungsdatum05.07.2018
Auflage2nd ed. 2018
ReiheEcological Studies
Reihen-Nr.233
Seiten356 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
IllustrationenVIII, 356 p. 53 illus., 36 illus. in color.
Artikel-Nr.3466588
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Acknowledgements;6
2;Contents;7
3;Chapter 1: Introduction: Coral Bleaching-Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences;9
3.1;References;13
4;Chapter 2: The Evolution of the Coral-Algal Symbiosis and Coral Bleaching in the Geologic Past;17
4.1;2.1 Introduction;17
4.2;2.2 Detecting Photosymbiosis in the Fossil Record;19
4.3;2.3 Mesozoic Reef History and Coral Evolution;20
4.4;2.4 Late Triassic Dinoflagellate Symbionts?;24
4.5;2.5 Geological Perspectives on Photosymbiosis and Coral Bleaching;27
4.6;References;29
5;Chapter 3: Coral Bleaching in Space and Time;35
5.1;3.1 Introduction;35
5.1.1;3.1.1 Early Bleaching Records (Pre-1982);36
5.1.2;3.1.2 Bleaching Records from 1982 Onwards;37
5.2;3.2 Global Patterns of Coral Bleaching;40
5.2.1;3.2.1 Temporal Patterns;40
5.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Location Records;40
5.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Identification of Global Bleaching Events;41
5.2.2;3.2.2 Spatial Patterns in Bleaching Reports;43
5.2.3;3.2.3 Trends in Bleaching Severity;43
5.3;3.3 Great Barrier Reef;45
5.3.1;3.3.1 Time Series;45
5.3.2;3.3.2 Spatial Patterns;46
5.4;3.4 Relationships Between Global Bleaching and El Niño Events;48
5.5;3.5 Discussion;49
5.6;References;54
6;Chapter 4: Climate Variability and Change: Monitoring Data and Evidence for Increased Coral Bleaching Stress;58
6.1;4.1 Introduction;58
6.2;4.2 Data for Understanding Heat Stress and Bleaching Patterns Worldwide;60
6.2.1;4.2.1 Century-Length Global SST Reconstructions from Instrumental and Paleoclimatic Data;60
6.2.2;4.2.2 Satellite Observations of SST and Heat Stress;61
6.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 SST Anomaly;63
6.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 HotSpot;64
6.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Degree Heating Week;64
6.2.2.4;4.2.2.4 Bleaching Alert Area;65
6.2.2.5;4.2.2.5 Reprocessed and Heritage Satellite Observations of SST;65
6.2.2.6;4.2.2.6 Bleaching Prediction Using Climate Models;66
6.2.2.7;4.2.2.7 Bleaching Weather: The Doldrums Product;67
6.2.2.8;4.2.2.8 Additional Products;67
6.3;4.3 Tropical SST Trends Since the Nineteenth Century;69
6.3.1;4.3.1 Tropical SST and Global Temperature Trends;69
6.3.2;4.3.2 Regional Trends in Heat Stress;72
6.3.3;4.3.3 Role of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Other Large-Scale Patterns;76
6.4;4.4 Local Environmental Variables;81
6.5;4.5 Summary;82
6.6;References;83
7;Chapter 5: Detecting and Monitoring Coral Bleaching Events;92
7.1;5.1 Introduction;92
7.2;5.2 Broad-Scale Approaches;94
7.2.1;5.2.1 Remote Sensing of Bleaching Events;94
7.2.2;5.2.2 Remote Sensing of Indicators of Bleaching Likelihood;99
7.2.3;5.2.3 Summary of Remote-Sensing Tools;101
7.3;5.3 Field-Based Observations;102
7.3.1;5.3.1 Describing Bleaching;103
7.3.2;5.3.2 Assessing Mortality;106
7.3.3;5.3.3 Broader Patterns Across the Reef;107
7.3.4;5.3.4 Summary of In Situ Field Protocols to Document Coral Bleaching;108
7.3.5;5.3.5 Colony Scale and Finer;108
7.3.6;5.3.6 Temporal Context;111
7.4;5.4 Summary;111
7.5;References;113
8;Chapter 6: Bleaching Resistance and the Role of Algal Endosymbionts;118
8.1;6.1 Introduction;118
8.2;6.2 Genetic Diversity of Symbiodinium;121
8.3;6.3 Biogeographic Patterns in Symbiodinium Diversity: In Hospite and Ex Situ;124
8.4;6.4 Physiological Differences Among Genetically Distinct Symbiodinium Types;128
8.5;6.5 Shifts in Symbiont Communities as a Mechanism to Cope with Environmental Change;135
8.6;6.6 Prediction of Changes in Symbiodinium Diversity and Distribution over the Next Several Decades;139
8.7;6.7 Conclusions, Overview of Recent Progress and New Questions;141
8.8;References;142
9;Chapter 7: How Does the Coral Microbiome Cause, Respond to, or Modulate the Bleaching Process?;159
9.1;7.1 Introduction;159
9.2;7.2 The Coral Holobiont;160
9.3;7.3 Holobiont Response to Thermal Stress and Bleaching;162
9.3.1;7.3.1 Diazotrophy and the Bleaching Response;169
9.3.2;7.3.2 Coral Mucus and the Mucus Microbiome in Response to Bleaching;172
9.4;7.4 Microbiome-Symbiodinium Interactions;174
9.5;7.5 Coral Bleaching in Relation to Coral Disease;175
9.5.1;7.5.1 Bleaching-Induced Disease;176
9.6;7.6 Bacteria-Induced Bleaching;177
9.7;7.7 Virus-Induced Bleaching;178
9.8;7.8 Conclusions and Future Directions;179
9.9;References;181
10;Chapter 8: Cell Biology of Coral Bleaching;195
10.1;8.1 Introduction;195
10.2;8.2 Thermal Response of the Algal Symbiont;196
10.2.1;8.2.1 Thermal Effects on Symbiodinium Photosynthesis;196
10.2.2;8.2.2 Thermal Effects on the Calvin-Benson Cycle;200
10.2.3;8.2.3 Nutrient Availability and Susceptibility to Bleaching;201
10.3;8.3 Thermal Response of the Coral Host;202
10.4;8.4 Mechanisms of Symbiont Loss;206
10.5;8.5 Future Directions;208
10.6;References;209
11;Chapter 9: Bleaching and Mortality Thresholds: How Much Is Too Much?;218
11.1;9.1 Introduction;218
11.2;9.2 Methods;220
11.2.1;9.2.1 Statistical Modelling;220
11.2.2;9.2.2 Bleaching Thresholds;221
11.2.3;9.2.3 Mortality Thresholds;222
11.3;9.3 Results;224
11.3.1;9.3.1 Is Temperature Appropriate for Modelling Bleaching Thresholds?;224
11.3.2;9.3.2 Bleaching Thresholds;224
11.3.3;9.3.3 Mortality Thresholds;228
11.4;9.4 Discussion;230
11.5;References;233
12;Chapter 10: Consequences of Coral Bleaching for Sessile Reef Organisms;236
12.1;10.1 Introduction;236
12.2;10.2 Taxa Affected by Bleaching;237
12.3;10.3 Spatial and Temporal Variation in Bleaching and Mortality;244
12.4;10.4 Patterns of Susceptibility to Bleaching Among Taxa;245
12.5;10.5 Effect of Bleaching on Individuals;246
12.5.1;10.5.1 Effect of Bleaching on Reproduction;246
12.5.2;10.5.2 Effect of Bleaching on Growth;249
12.5.3;10.5.3 Size-Specific Mortality Following Bleaching in Corals;249
12.5.4;10.5.4 Effect of Bleaching on Coral Settlement, Recruitment, and Recovery;250
12.5.5;10.5.5 Diseases;250
12.6;10.6 Population and Community Structure;252
12.7;10.7 Changes Over Time;254
12.8;10.8 Changes in Ecological Processes;254
12.9;10.9 Interactions with Fisheries Management;255
12.10;10.10 Conclusions;258
12.11;References;259
13;Chapter 11: Effects of Coral Bleaching and Coral Loss on the Structure and Function of Reef Fish Assemblages;269
13.1;11.1 Introduction;269
13.2;11.2 Coral Bleaching and Changes in the Structure of Reef Habitats;272
13.2.1;11.2.1 Bleaching Selectivity and Changes in Coral Composition;272
13.2.2;11.2.2 Coral Loss and Increasing Predominance of Alternative Habitat-Forming Taxa;274
13.2.3;11.2.3 Coral Loss Versus Declines in Topographic Complexity;275
13.3;11.3 Declines in Abundance of Reef Fishes and Loss of Biodiversity and Function;276
13.3.1;11.3.1 Interspecific Variation in Vulnerability to Coral Bleaching and Depletion;277
13.3.2;11.3.2 Loss of Biodiversity and Function;280
13.3.3;11.3.3 Effects of Coral Reef Degradation on Tropical Fisheries Production;282
13.4;11.4 Changes in the Behaviour and Fitness of Reef Fishes;284
13.4.1;11.4.1 Behavioural Changes;286
13.4.2;11.4.2 Effects of Coral Bleaching Versus Coral Loss on Individual Fitness of Fishes;288
13.5;11.5 Conclusions;289
13.6;References;290
14;Chapter 12: Ocean Acidification and Coral Bleaching;298
14.1;12.1 Introduction;298
14.1.1;12.1.1 Ocean Acidification;298
14.1.2;12.1.2 Variability in Seawater Carbonate Chemistry of Coral Reefs;299
14.1.3;12.1.3 Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs;300
14.2;12.2 Ocean Acidification and Coral Bleaching;302
14.2.1;12.2.1 Bleaching Mechanisms and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon;302
14.2.2;12.2.2 Evidence of Ocean Acidification-Induced Bleaching;309
14.2.3;12.2.3 Photoacclimation and Photoprotection;310
14.2.4;12.2.4 Phylotype-Specific Responses and Symbiont Shuffling;312
14.2.5;12.2.5 Photosynthesis-Respiration;312
14.3;12.3 Ocean Acidification and Coral Reef Resilience;313
14.3.1;12.3.1 Reproduction and Recruitment;313
14.3.2;12.3.2 Growth and Calcification;314
14.4;12.4 Other Environmental Factors (Nutrients);315
14.5;12.5 Conclusions;316
14.6;References;317
15;Chapter 13: Future Scenarios: A Review of Modelling Efforts to Predict the Future of Coral Reefs in an Era of Climate Change;327
15.1;13.1 Introduction;327
15.2;13.2 Modelling Future Climates;328
15.3;13.3 Predicting Coral Bleaching from Climate Models;330
15.4;13.4 The Great Barrier Reef: A Case Study;335
15.5;13.5 Future Improvements in Physical Modelling;338
15.6;13.6 Conclusions;339
15.7;References;340
16;Chapter 14: Synthesis: Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences;344
16.1;14.1 Climate Change Refuges and Assisted Evolution;345
16.2;14.2 Conclusion;347
16.3;References;347
17;Index;350mehr

Autor

Madeleine J.H. van OppenAustralian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia and School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australiae-mail: madeleine.van@unimelb.edu.au

J.M. LoughAustralian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australiae-mail: j.lough@aims.gov.au
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