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Einband grossThe New Critical Thinking
ISBN/GTIN

The New Critical Thinking

E-BookEPUBDRM AdobeE-Book
380 Seiten
Englisch
Taylor & Franciserschienen am09.08.2017
This highly innovative textbook incorporates contemporary psychology, epistemology, and philosophy of science to address problems with logic and fallacious reasoning, providing an experienced, but fresh, approach to traditional critical thinking material.mehr
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BuchGebunden
EUR182,50
TaschenbuchKartoniert, Paperback
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Produkt

KlappentextThis highly innovative textbook incorporates contemporary psychology, epistemology, and philosophy of science to address problems with logic and fallacious reasoning, providing an experienced, but fresh, approach to traditional critical thinking material.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781134881888
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatEPUB
Format HinweisDRM Adobe
FormatE101
Erscheinungsjahr2017
Erscheinungsdatum09.08.2017
Seiten380 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
Dateigrösse7000 Kbytes
Illustrationen30 schwarz-weiße und 39 farbige Zeichnungen, 21 schwarz-weiße Tabellen
Artikel-Nr.4914864
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Preface to Instructors

Introduction To Critical Thinking

1. The Aims and Causes of Belief

2. Reasoning and Dual Systems Theory

3. Reasoning, Evidence, and Arguments

4. Why Reason (Properly)?

5. Plan for the Book

Summary

Part I: Deduction

Chapter 1: Validity: Why it Matters

1. Distinguishing the Good From the Bad

2. Validity and Impossibility

3. More on Logical Impossibility

Logical Terms

Equivocation

4. Logic and the Belief Bias

5. Why it Matters: Missing Premises and Insisting on Validity

Summary

Chapter 2 : Proving Invalidity and Proving Validity

1. Proving Invalidity by Counterexample

2. Proving Validity

3. Negations, Indicative Conditionals, and Two Important Valid Argument Forms

Conditionals and the Wason Test

4. Two Important Fallacies: Denying the Antecedent and Affirming the Consequent

An Important Note about Fallacious Argument Forms

5. More Valid Argument Forms and More About Conditionals

6. Equivalent Sentences and Disguised Conditionals

7. Even More Valid Argument Forms: Aristotelian Syllogisms in One Bite

Using Euler Diagrams:

8. Summation: Evaluating Arguments

Summary

Chapter 3. Reconstructing and Identifying Deductive Arguments

1. Identifying by Evaluating

2. Mapping Complex Arguments

3. Reconstructing by Connecting the Dots

4. Extra Help: Premise and Conclusion Indicators

5. Putting All This Together

Summary

Part II: Induction

Chapter 4: Inductive Arguments

1. Statistical Syllogism

Conditional Support Comes in Degrees

Undermining By Additional Information and the Requirement of Total Evidence

2. Defeaters and Mapping Inductive Arguments

3. Inductive Generalization

Defeaters for Inductive Generalizations

The Availability Heuristic

4. Argument from Analogy

Defeaters for Analogical Inference

Deductive Arguments with Analogical Premises

5. Inference to the Best Explanation

6. Balance of Features

7. Confirmation Bias

Summary

Chapter 5: Causal Inference

1. The Nature of Causation

One More Thing about Causation

2. "The" Cause? Singling out Causes in a Complex World

3. Identifying Causes

4. Causation, Correlation, and Confounds

Some Varieties of Causal Investigations

Better and Worse

5. Causal Narratives

6. Singular Causes Revisited

Summary

Chapter 6: Probability and Frequency

1. Introduction to Probability

Probabilities and System 1

2. Frequencies and Frequency Trees

3. The Probability Calculus

4. Bayes's Theorem

The Theorem

Frequency Trees and Bayes

5. Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics

"Averages"

How to Live

Effect Size and Effect Significance

Summary

Chapter 7: Reconstructing and Identifying Arguments, Revisited

1. Reconstructing and Identifying

2. Mapping More Complex Arguments

Part III: Truth: Evaluating Premises

Chapter 8: Testimony

1. The Need for Testimony

2. How Can you Spot the Experts if You're Not an Expert?

Sincerity, Competence, Trustworthiness

Mapping Arguments from Authority

Testimony and Ad Hominem

3. Epistemological Perils of the Internet

News, Unreliable News, and Fake News

4. Wikipedia

5. Fair and Balanced?

Summary

Chapter 9: Science

1. Disagreeing with Science: The Earth is Flat and Star Trek is Real

2. Why Trust Science?

3. How Does Science Work?

Provability

Falsifiability

4. Hypotheses, Theories, and Conjectures

5. Extended Example: Evolution and Historical Explanation

6. Science in the Non-Science Press

P-hacking

7. Applying What We've Learned: Crowds, Self-selection, and Causal Fallacies

Democracy and Scientific Fact

Summary

Part IV: Argumentation

Chapter 10: Rhetoric

1. Emotion and Belief

2. Influencing and Bypassing Reasoning

Apt Feelings

3. Abuses of Emotive Rhetoric

Ad hominem

Ad Populum and Peer Pressure

Appeals to Force, Pity and Consequences

Other Uses of Emotive Language

4. Rhetorical Tricks with Language

5. Enthymemes, again

6. Rhetoric and Cognitive Illusion

Summary

Chapter 11: Dialectic

1. The Dynamics of Argumentation

The First Golden Rule of Constructive Argumentation: Respond to the Argument

The Second Golden Rule: Track the Burden of Proof

The Third Golden Rule: Demand Overall Consistency

The Fourth Golden Rule: Be Charitable

2. Ultimate Premises

Depriving the Claimant of Premises

3. Analogy, Parity of Reasoning, and Tu Quoque

Summary

Appendix of Fallacies

Indexmehr

Autor

Jack Lyons is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arkansas. He is the author of Perception and Basic Beliefs (2009).

Barry Ward is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.