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Interfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Wileyerschienen am01.07.2019
Offers an Interdisciplinary approach to the engineering of functional materials for efficient solar cell technology

Written by a collection of experts in the field of solar cell technology, this book focuses on the engineering of a variety of functional materials for improving photoanode efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The first two chapters describe operation principles of DSSC, charge transfer dynamics, as well as challenges and solutions for improving DSSCs. The remaining chapters focus on interfacial engineering of functional materials at the photoanode surface to create greater output efficiency.

Interfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells begins by introducing readers to the history, configuration, components, and working principles of DSSC It then goes on to cover both nanoarchitectures and light scattering materials as photoanode. Function of compact (blocking) layer in the photoanode and of TiCl4 post-treatment in the photoanode are examined at next. Next two chapters look at photoanode function of doped semiconductors and binary semiconductor metal oxides. Other chapters consider nanocomposites, namely, plasmonic nanocomposites, carbon nanotube based nanocomposites, graphene based nanocomposites, and graphite carbon nitride based nanocompositesas photoanodes. The book:
Provides comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals through the applications of DSSC
Encompasses topics on various functional materials for DSSC technology
Focuses on the novel design and application of materials in DSSC, to develop more efficient renewable energy sources
Is useful for material scientists, engineers, physicists, and chemists interested in functional materials for the design of efficient solar cells

Interfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells will be of great benefit to graduate students, researchers and engineers, who work in the multi-disciplinary areas of material science, engineering, physics, and chemistry.



ALAGARSAMY PANDIKUMAR, PHD, is Scientist at CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India. His research includes development of novel materials involving graphene, graphitic carbon nitrides, and transition metal chalcogenides in combination with metals, metal oxides, polymers and carbon nanotubes for applications in photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, dye-sensitized solar cells and electrochemical sensor.
KANDASAMY JOTHIVENKATACHALAM, PHD, is Professor of Chemistry at Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli, India. His research interests include photocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, photoelectrocatalysis, and chemically modified electrodes.
KARUPPANAPILLAI B. BHOJANAA, MSc, is DST-INSPIRE Research Fellow at Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India.mehr
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Produkt

KlappentextOffers an Interdisciplinary approach to the engineering of functional materials for efficient solar cell technology

Written by a collection of experts in the field of solar cell technology, this book focuses on the engineering of a variety of functional materials for improving photoanode efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The first two chapters describe operation principles of DSSC, charge transfer dynamics, as well as challenges and solutions for improving DSSCs. The remaining chapters focus on interfacial engineering of functional materials at the photoanode surface to create greater output efficiency.

Interfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells begins by introducing readers to the history, configuration, components, and working principles of DSSC It then goes on to cover both nanoarchitectures and light scattering materials as photoanode. Function of compact (blocking) layer in the photoanode and of TiCl4 post-treatment in the photoanode are examined at next. Next two chapters look at photoanode function of doped semiconductors and binary semiconductor metal oxides. Other chapters consider nanocomposites, namely, plasmonic nanocomposites, carbon nanotube based nanocomposites, graphene based nanocomposites, and graphite carbon nitride based nanocompositesas photoanodes. The book:
Provides comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals through the applications of DSSC
Encompasses topics on various functional materials for DSSC technology
Focuses on the novel design and application of materials in DSSC, to develop more efficient renewable energy sources
Is useful for material scientists, engineers, physicists, and chemists interested in functional materials for the design of efficient solar cells

Interfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells will be of great benefit to graduate students, researchers and engineers, who work in the multi-disciplinary areas of material science, engineering, physics, and chemistry.



ALAGARSAMY PANDIKUMAR, PHD, is Scientist at CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India. His research includes development of novel materials involving graphene, graphitic carbon nitrides, and transition metal chalcogenides in combination with metals, metal oxides, polymers and carbon nanotubes for applications in photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, dye-sensitized solar cells and electrochemical sensor.
KANDASAMY JOTHIVENKATACHALAM, PHD, is Professor of Chemistry at Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli, India. His research interests include photocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, photoelectrocatalysis, and chemically modified electrodes.
KARUPPANAPILLAI B. BHOJANAA, MSc, is DST-INSPIRE Research Fellow at Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781119557395
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatEPUB
Verlag
Erscheinungsjahr2019
Erscheinungsdatum01.07.2019
Seiten288 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
Dateigrösse16710
Artikel-Nr.4945339
Rubriken
Genre9201

Inhalt/Kritik

Leseprobe
1
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: History, Components, Configuration, and Working Principle

S.N. Karthick1, K.V. Hemalatha2, Suresh Kannan Balasingam3, F. Manik Clinton4, S. Akshaya5, and Hee-Je Kim6

1 Electrochemical Materials and Devices Lab, Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

2 Department of Chemistry, Coimbatore Institute of Technology (CIT), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

4 Electrochemical Materials and Devices Lab, Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

6 Electrochemical Materials and Devices Lab, Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

7 School of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Gumjeong-Ku, Jangjeong-Dong, Busan, Republic of Korea
1.1 Introduction

The ever-growing human population requires the consumption of energy in various forms, and therefore researchers in energy field focus on energy harvesting from various sources. The nonrenewable energy sources such as fossil fuels are running out, which cannot be replenished in our life time. The nonrenewable energy sources are carbon-based fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas that emits greenhouse gases (for example carbon dioxide) that cause global warming, a serious threat to the world and mankind. At present, worldwide around three-fourth of the electricity is obtained from the nonrenewable sources that cannot be reused or recycled [1]. Many countries such as Japan, China, France, Ukraine, and India depend on nuclear power stations for the production of electricity and also they are facing several harmful issues from these power plants that lead to environmental pollution [2]. Therefore, the focus of scientists mainly rely on the renewable energy-based energy conversion devices. Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal are some of the examples of renewable energy resources available in our earth. Of these, solar energy is an important source of renewable energy, which is available throughout a day all over the year, basically inexhaustible in nature. In case of solar energy, radiation obtained from the sunlight is capable of producing heat and light, causes photochemical reactions, and generates electricity. As the electricity becomes a first and foremost basic need for the mankind, this impressive energy source can be utilized for the conversion of solar to electrical energy using solar cell technology. The strength of solar energy is magnanimous as it provides us about 10â000 times more energy that is higher than the world's daily need of energy consumption [1]. The earth receives such a huge amount of energy every day, we are fortunate to harness it using suitable solar cell technologies. Regrettably, though solar energy is free of cost, the highly expensive technologies required for its conversion and storage which limit the technology to reach the wider community.

The concept of solar energy harvesting has been evolving since eighteenth century. Edmond Becquerel, a French scientist, has first discovered the photovoltaic (PV) effect in 1839 [3]. This effect has become a starting point for the solar energy harvesting applications. The light energy to electrical energy conversion is being done by the special photoactive devices called photovoltaic cells. When the semiconductor material absorbs light, it produces electrical voltage and this effect is called photovoltaic effect. The first-generation solar cells use crystals of silicon to attain this effect. In 1887, German scientist Hertz has first examined the photoelectric effect and found that photons present in the light are capable of ejecting free electrons from a solid surface (usually conductor) to create power. However, based on his preliminary results, he also found that the same process produced more power when the conductor is incident with UV light rather than more intense visible light [4,5]. Based on this phenomenon, the modern solar cells rely on the photoelectric effect to convert sunlight into electricity. Generation of solar cells are broadly classified into three different categories based on the materials properties and the period of time they evolved. For example, silicon-based materials (crystal and amorphous) belong to the first-generation solar cells, semiconductor materials (III-IV group chalcogenides/phosphide materials) belong to the second-generation solar cells, and emerging materials (Figure 1.1) belong to the third-generation solar cells. From 1953 to 1956, physicists at Bell Laboratory fabricated silicon solar cells with 6% efficiency, which is more efficient than selenium. This discovery paved a way for identifying the capability of the solar cells to power up the electrical equipment; again, the experimentation continued to improve the performance and attempted to make new devices for commercialization. Approximately, after 10 years, the second-generation thin-film solar cells were developed. The second-generation solar cells are often described as emerging thin-film solar cells that converts 30% of the solar radiation into electrical energy [6]. The semiconductor materials used in this generation is copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and gallium arsenide (GaAs). The devices made out of these materials are commercially available and used in space crafts. After 1990s, the third-generation solar cell technologies have been emerged. This new generation photovoltaic technologies include dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic/polymer solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, perovskite solar cells, etc. The power conversion efficiency of these third-generation solar cells are lower than silicon-based solar cells and thin-film solar cells, but it has its own advantages such as low processing costs and less environmental impact that induce the intensive research and development in this area. The production cost of first- and second-generation solar cells are reported to be more than 1âUS$/W. The third-generation PV technologies aim to produce the large-scale electricity with a low cost of less than 0.5âUS$/W. This can be achieved with the module cost at the rate of 70âUS$/m2 revealing 14% efficiency [1] for third-generation solar cells.

Figure 1.1 Classification of solar cells technologies.

Source: Ibn-Mohammed et al. 2017 [7]. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier.
1.2 History of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

During 1839, Becquerel [3] found that a voltage was produced when two platinum electrodes were immersed in the electrolyte containing a metal halide salt when it is illuminated with light. After that, the illumination of light on the organic dye is capable of producing electricity at the semiconductor electrodes in the electrochemical cell was discovered during 1960s [8]. Later, the phenomenon of photoexcitation was studied primarily at University of California during 1970s in order to simulate the mechanism of photosynthesis by extracting the chlorophyll pigment from spinach and using ZnO as semiconductor electrode material in electrochemical cells [9]. The mechanism was recognized when the photoexcitation of dye molecules injected electrons into the conduction band of the n-type semiconductor scaffold material and found that the dye molecules adsorbed on the semiconductor monolayer material was responsible for maximum yield. This study forms the basis of the bionic or biomimetic approach of sensitizing semiconductor materials for electrons excitation. Again, in 1972, the generation of electricity through dye sensitization was demonstrated by Tributsch [10]. In the study conducted by Michio Matsumura et al., in the year of 1980 [11], they inferred that the efficiency of the dye molecules could be improved by fine tuning the porosity of the semiconductor oxide material, but the stability of the dye is a mere challenge in the dye-sensitized photocell. Then the progress in this field was initiated in 1991 by Prof. Michael Grätzel who performed the sensitized electrochemical PV device made of dye sensitization on semiconductor TiO2 material and named it as dye-sensitized solar cell [12]. They architectured the device toward the new conceptual of PV energy generation. The new conceptual approach is based on the three billion years old idea of nature's photosynthetic activity. They inferred that PV device is modeled based on the light absorption and electron transfer mechanisms in plant. When the sunlight falls on the chlorophyll molecule, the electron generated from chlorophyll is transferred from one molecule to the other till it reaches the chlorophyll reaction center. From the reaction center, the electron is transferred to the energy storage molecule. The chlorophyll lacks with one electron is being grabbed from the surrounding water molecule. This cyclical process is being imitated for harvesting energy using sun's radiation through synthetic dye material. In the first...
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