Produkt

KlappentextNanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics

Rogerio Atem de Carvalho, Instituto Federal Fluminense, Brazil

Jaime Estela, Spectrum Aerospace Group, Germany and Peru

Martin Langer, Technical University of Munich, Germany

Covering the latest research on nanosatellites

Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics comprehensively presents the latest research on the fast-developing area of nanosatellites. Divided into three distinct sections, the book begins with a brief history of nanosatellites and introduces nanosatellites technologies and payloads, also explaining how these are deployed into space. The second section provides an overview of the ground segment and operations, and the third section focuses on the regulations, policies, economics, and future trends.

Key features:
Payloads for nanosatellites
Nanosatellites components design
Examines the cost of development of nanosatellites.
Covers the latest policies and regulations.
Considers future trends for nanosatellites.

Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics is a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners working with nanosatellites in the aerospace industry.

Editors
Rogerio Atem de Carvalho, Instituto Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Jaime Estela, Spectrum Aerospace Group, Germany and Peru
Martin Langer, Technical University of Munich, Germany, Orbital Oracle Technologies GmbH, Germany

Details

Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781119042051

ProduktartE-Book

EinbandartE-Book

FormatEPUB

Format Hinweis2 - DRM Adobe / EPUB

FormatFormat mit automatischem Seitenumbruch (reflowable)

Verlag

John Wiley & Sons

Erscheinungsjahr2020

Erscheinungsdatum16.03.2020

Auflage1. Auflage

Seiten712 Seiten

SpracheEnglisch

Dateigrösse42761 Kbytes

Artikel-Nr.5146733

Rubriken

Genre9201

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface

Foreword

Contributors

1. A Brief History of Nanosatellites

2. On-Board Computer and Data Handling

3. Operational Systems

4. Attitude Control and Determination

5. Propulsion Systems

6. Communications

7. Structural Subsystem

8. Power Systems

9. Thermal Design, Analysis, and Test

10. Systems Engineering and Quality Assessment

11. Integration and Testing

12. Scientific Payloads

13. In-Orbit Technology Demonstration

14. Nanosatellites as Educational Projects

15. Formations of Small Satellites

16. Precise, Autonomous Formation Flight at Low Cost

17. Launch Vehicles - Challenges and Solutions

18. Deployment Systems

19. Mission Operations

20. Mission Examples

21. Ground Segment

22. Ground Station Networks

23. Ground-based satellite tracking

24. AMSAT

25. Cost breakdown for the development of Nanosatellites

26. Launch Costs

27. Policies & Regulations in Europe

28. Policies and Regulations in North America

29. International Organizations and International Cooperation

30. Economy of Small Satellites

31. Economics and the Future

32. Networks of Nanosatellites

Indexmehr

Leseprobe

Foreword: Nanosatellite Space Experiment

Bob Twiggs

Morehead State University, Morehead, USA

The use of small satellites in general initiated the space program in 1957 with the launching of Russian Sputnik 1, and then by the United States with Vanguard 1 satellite, which was the fourth artificial Earth orbital satellite to be successfully launched (following Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, and Explorer 1).

The concept of the CubeSat was developed by Professor Bob Twiggs at the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA, in collaboration with Professor Jordi Puig-Suari at the Aerospace Department at the California State Polytechnic University in San Luis Obispo, CA, in late 1999. The CubeSat concept originated with the spacecraft OPAL (Orbiting Picosat Automated Launcher), a 23âkg microsatellite developed by students at Stanford University and the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, CA, to demonstrate the validity and functionality of picosatellites and the concept of launching picosatellites and other small satellites on-orbit from a larger satellite system. Picosatellites are defined having a weight between 0.1 and 1âkg. OPAL is shown in Figure 1, with four launcher tubes containing picosatellites. One of the picosatellites is shown being inserted into the launcher tube in Figure 2.

The satellites developed by students within university programs in 1980s and 1990s were all nanosatellites (1-10âkg size) and microsatellites (10-50âkg size). The feasibility of independently funding launch opportunities for these nanosatellites and microsatellites was limited, as the costs typically were up to $250â000-a price point well beyond the resources available to most university programs. At that time, the only available option was to collaborate with government organizations that would provide the launch. The OPAL satellite was launched in early 2000 by the US Air Force Space Test Program (STP) with sponsorship from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) for the Aerospace Corporation picosatellites.

The OPAL mission represented a significant milestone in the evolution of small satellites by proving the viability of the concept of the picosatellite and an innovative orbital deployment system. The picosatellite launcher concept used for the OPAL mission represented a major advancement that would enable the technological evolution of small satellites, setting the stage for the development of the CubeSat form factor and the Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD) orbital deployer system. OPAL demonstrated a new capability with the design of an orbital deployer that could launch numerous very small satellites contained within the launcher tube that simplified the mechanical interface to the upper stage of the launch vehicle and greatly simplified the satellite ejection system. While the OPAL mission was extremely successful and established the validity of a picosatellite orbital deployer, Professor Twiggs and Professor Puig-Suari wanted to find a lower-cost means of launching the satellites built by university students. The stage was set for the development of the CubeSat form factor and its evolution toward an engineering standard.

Figure 1 Picosatellite loaded into OPAL.

Figure 2 OPAL and SAPPHIRE microsatellites.
CubeSat Engineering Design Standard

The primary intent of the development of the CubeSat standard was to provide a standard set of dimensions for the external physical structure of picosatellites that would be compatible with a standardized launcher. Unlike the development of most modern engineering standards, there was no consulting with other universities or with the commercial satellite industry to establish this standard because most other university satellite programs and commercial ventures were concentrating on larger satellites rather than smaller satellites. There were discussions in the late 1990s within the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) community in the United Kingdom centering on building a small amateur satellite, but there were never any attempts to develop a standardized design.

The concept of a design standard for a picosatellite and associated launcher that could be used by many universities, the developers believed, would lead to many picosatellites being launched at a time. They envisioned launch vehicles accommodating several launcher tubes, each containing a few picosatellites. The final concept of the CubeSat structural standard was developed by Professor Twiggs and Professor Puig-Suari, and currently adopted by the small satellite community. The developers believed that if one organization could provide the integration of the launcher with the launch vehicle through a carefully orchestrated interface process with the launch services provider, then it seemed possible to acquire launch opportunities for university programs that would be affordable (less than $50â000 per 1âkg satellite).
Evolution History of the CubeSat Program

The first CubeSats were launched on a Russian Dnepr in 2003 through the efforts of Professor Jordi Puig-Suari at Cal Poly. Professor Puig-Suari and his students through the CubeSat integration program at Cal Poly took the initial concept design, established the standards for the 1U CubeSat, designed the P-POD deployer, and planned for the Russian launch.

Initial reaction from the aerospace industry was quite critical of the CubeSat concept. The comments were- stupidest idea for a satellite, would have no practical value, academic faculty did not have the capability to design and launch a satellite. This came mostly from the amateur satellite community that had established building and launching satellites many years prior to this academic program.

Fortunately, these comments did not deter the academic community from pursuing the CubeSat program. In 2008, the National Science Foundation had a conference to explore the use of the CubeSat to do space experiments for space weather. Their initiation and funding of using CubeSats for real scientific space experiments seemed to validate that the CubeSat concept had merit in space experiments.
Today: The CubeSat Concept

As of the present, the CubeSat concept is being called a disruptive technology. It seems to have been one of the new concepts in the space industry along with new launch concepts starting with SpaceX that has brought about a new interest in space. With the commercial programs from Planet, with CubeSat space imaging, and Spire with its multisatellite constellations, there is significant investment by the venture capital community in the space industry. To date, there have been more than 900 CubeSats launched since 2003.

The CubeSat concept from the original 1U CubeSat to the 3U CubeSat in the P-POD has expanded larger to now considering 27U concepts. One of the consequences of this new interest is that, to date, there have been more than 900 CubeSats launched in near-Earth orbit as well as two MarCO CubeSats to Mars, and there are plans to launch 13 6U CubeSats on the first Space Launch System (SLS) in the next Moon mission.
The Future of the CubeSat Concept

One of the consequences of the new acceptance of the CubeSat concept is that the cost of launch from the initial cost of $40â000 for a 1U from Cal Poly has now risen to over $120â000. This has had the greatest impact of having CubeSat programs for educational training and new entrants into space experimentation. There are several small launch vehicles in development to meet this demand, but whether they can launch for lower costs is debatable. One approach to reducing the launch cost is to use the same volume as provided by the P-POD or similar deployer, but keeping launch spacecraft smaller than the 1U, thus reducing the costs of individual experiment launch.

Cornell University has the ChipSats being launched from the 3U CubeSat, as shown in Figure 3. There is also the PocketQube being promoted by Alba Orbital, shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3 Cornell University ChipSats.

Source: Image credit: NASA.

Figure 4 Alba Orbital PocketQube.

In addition to the conventional means of launches for the International Space Station (ISS) and from expendable launch vehicles, the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority, a state economic agency of the state of Virginia, along with Northrop Grumman Corp., is providing launches from the NASA Wallops Island flight facilities on the second stage of the Antares launch vehicle that is used to launch the Cygnus resupply capsule for the ISS. This is a unique launch opportunity not used previously. Even though it releases satellites from the Planetary Systems Corporation's canisterized satellite deployer (like the P-POD) at an altitude of near 250âkm, it only provides an orbital life of the satellites for a few days. This short orbital lifetime of the satellites provides an excellent opportunity regarding science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) experience to students. In addition, all spacecrafts will deorbit, leaving no debris or collision problems.

The spacecraft proposed for this program is of a sub-CubeSat size called ThinSatâ¢, shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 ThinSat...
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