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KlappentextHave you ever wondered where Attila the Hun and the Goths fit into History? When was the Renaissance, and the Restoration, and the Reformation, and were they related? Who fought the English Civil War, and why? What were the US Civil War and War of Independence all about? All these questions are answered in this brilliantly simple timeline.

Bruce Tapping is a

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Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781915785008

ProduktartE-Book

EinbandartE-Book

FormatEPUB

Format HinweisePub Wasserzeichen

FormatE101

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Clink Street Publishing

Erscheinungsjahr2024

Erscheinungsdatum21.03.2024

Seiten340 Seiten

SpracheEnglisch

Dateigrösse905 Kbytes

Artikel-Nr.14177985

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Genre9201

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Leseprobe

14 billion years ago
The Big Bang

The theory is that at the beginning of time, everything was one huge singular mass.

When Edwin Hubble invented the Hubble Telescope in 1929 it was observed that the galaxies were drifting apart. Backward reasoning therefore meant they were once together. A singular mass at the beginning of time, calculated at approximately 13.8-14 billion years ago.

This singular mass is known as singularity and why it suddenly started expanding outwards... is a mystery, but the point at which it did is called the Big Bang.

Whilst there is general agreement that the universe has been expanding since that point in time billions of years ago, there is still discussion as to whether there was a Big Bang from singularity before expansion started. In other words, interestingly, it is only the very first second that there is disagreement on. Was it an instant Big Bang, or was it something else? (Creationists could use this unexplained first second to bring in their theory of creationism)

If it was the instant Big Bang then there must have been the exact amount of matter needed to create our universe at the rate it has been created. Also, our temperatures (in the greater scheme of things) were too perfectly uniform. It seems suspiciously perfect to some, who therefore propose cosmic inflation as another theory. This theory states that if you wanted the universe to have those exact temperatures and amount of matter that it did, you would first need to have set it up that way. In this theory, before the actual Big Bang, there was a constant flat universe with uniform properties everywhere. This then rapidly expanded to the point it is at today.

However, as with all hypotheses, the theory as to how it all started is constantly evolving, especially with the introduction of new technologies. In 2022 the James Webb Space Telescope was launched, more advanced than the Hubble Telescope, and can view objects further than previously viewed (and therefore from a time earlier than viewed before) which means new theories are now evolving which may add to, or adapt, our present theories.

13 billion years ago
Galaxies formed

After the Big Bang, gravity caused giant clouds of dust and gas to gather together, which they did in groups, and these groups are what we call galaxies, which are countless.

Stars were formed under further immense gravitational pressure, which caused clouds of gas and dust to shrink together until their matter was so dense, and temperatures so high, that an enormous amount of energy was given off in a nuclear reaction. This reaction created stars, emitting light and heat in a continual reaction thereafter.

This process of galaxy formation took billions of years.

4.6 billion years ago
Our sun and galaxy formed

Our galaxy is called the solar system and is called that because we gravitate around our sun, which itself is just a normal star among over 1000 million others in our galaxy alone. The only thing that makes our sun special in comparison to any other star, is that it happens to be our closest.

As galaxies are often spiral, including our own, (which is like a flattened spiral plate), when we look out to space at night, we look out across the plate and see a tail of grouped together stars. This is our view of the stars within our galaxy - which we have aptly named the Milky Way.

4.5 billion years ago
Earth, planets and our moon formed

In a similar manner to how clouds of gas and dust formed to create our sun and other stars, clouds of gas and dust also created other rocky worlds. These were Earth and the other planets in our solar system.

There are two main theories as to how our moon formed. One theory is that a space collision, from something crashing into Earth, caused fragments to split off into space, with gravity then forcing these fragments to bind together. Earth´s own gravity then caused this newly formed mass to remain circling our Earth, creating our moon.

An alternate theory is that Earth and Moon formed together when two huge objects crashed together and then collided again. As the fragments settled under gravitational forces, they clumped together into two separate objects, Earth and our moon, with the moon bound to us by Earth´s gravity.

4.4 billion years ago
Rocks formed, Oceans formed

Initially Earth was so hot it was just a mass of molten magma, but as it gradually cooled, the first rocks were formed.

These are referred to as igneous rocks which are rocks formed from the cooling of molten magma.

After the Earth formed, and over a period of millions of years, and around the time the moon-forming collision occurred, hydrogen and oxygen atoms were escaping from Earth into our atmosphere.

Initially Earth was extremely hot and any water on it would have boiled. Over millions of years however, Earth cooled and the water vapour in our atmosphere started to rain down. This rain occurred for centuries and settled onto the cooler Earth, creating our oceans.
3.7-3.5 billion years ago
First life on earth

It´s not known exactly how life was first formed but it is agreed that some form of chemical change must have occurred.

Initial forms of life have been found in small rock like objects called Stromatolites - fossils of which from Greenland have been found to contain a type of single celled (prokaryote) bacteria called cyanobacteria within them.1

Further fossils of rocks discovered in Australia found other bacterial forms dating from a similar timeframe.

3.5 billion-600 million years ago
First Ice Ages

Between 2.4 and 2.1 billion years ago the first Ice Age occurred.

Ice Ages are an occurrence of a global temperature drop that creates an expansion of glacial ice sheets.

The second Ice Age occurred 850 million to 635 million years ago.

600-500 million years ago
Multi-celled organisms evolved, fish appeared on Earth

Almost 3 billion years after simple single celled (prokaryote) organisms appeared, the more complex multi-celled (Eukaryote) organisms evolved.

Jellyfish and the first shelled animals occurred after that, at the beginning of what is known as the Cambrian explosion - a period of time, about 550 million years ago, where, within 10 million years, there was an explosion of life forms, during which the first chordates appeared (life forms with a notochord, or spinal rod, to support them).

The first fish evolved at the end of this period, about 500 million years ago.

The oceans´ corals also started forming 500 million years ago.

500-300 million years ago
Pangea, first plants, insects and reptiles appeared, first fire

At this time there were no individual continents. There was one Earth mass surrounded by the oceans, and this supercontinent was called Pangea.

Just under 500 million years ago, the first plants appeared on land. It was sometime just after this that the first fire occurred on Earth (we know this from evidence of charcoal, originating 420 million years ago), presumably from a lightning strike, as there was now plant material to burn.2

The third Ice Age occurred 460-430 million years ago.

This was also the period around 400 million years ago when the first completely terrestrial (land) animals appeared. Sharks evolved around 400 million years ago and over the next 100 million years other fish and corals continued to evolve in the sea and, eventually, closer to 350 million years ago, the first amphibious animals evolved.

Between 350 and 300 million years ago the first carboniferous plants evolved on land and the first insects and reptiles appeared.
300-65 million years ago
Dinosaurs, mammals and the first birds appeared

Between 360 and 260 million years ago the Earth entered its fourth Ice Age.

300 million years ago new types of reptiles evolved, with dinosaurs and the first mammals then making their appearance 250-200 million years ago.

Between 250 million and 100 million years ago the first crocodiles went through various evolutions. By 80 million years ago it had evolved into a ten-metre, ten-ton version.

About 200 million years ago the Earth´s single continent, Pangea, split into two major continents. Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland in the south.

150 million years ago saw the...

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Bruce Tapping is a

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