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TERRESTRIAL IMPACT STRUCTURES, 2 Teile

The TanDEM-X Atlas
BuchGebunden
608 Seiten
Englisch
Pfeilerschienen am21.11.2020
Die Einschläge von Asteroiden, verbunden mit der Entstehung von Einschlagkratern, sind ein fundamentaler Prozess im Sonnensystem; mit ziemlicher Sicherheit sogar darüber hinaus. Als die Planeten und ihre Monde in der protoplanetaren Scheibe des sich gerade bildenden Sonnensystems am Entstehen waren, spielten Einschläge auf ihren Oberflächen eine wichtige Rolle. Auch später beeinflussten sie die Entwicklung der Planeten. Der Einschlag großer Projektile wirkte sich auf der Erde sogar auf die Entwicklung des Lebens aus.In den zurückliegenden 50 Jahren hat uns die interplanetare Raumfahrt die Kartierung der kraterübersäten alten Oberflächen unserer Nachbarn im Sonnensystem ermöglicht. Auf unserem Heimatplaneten repräsentiert die heutige Anzahl der weltweiten Einschlagkrater dagegen nur einen Bruchteil dessen, was die Erde im Lauf ihrer Geschichte an Einschlägen erfahren hat. Tektonische Aktivität, Erosion und Verwitterung sowie Sedimentation hat den Großteil dieser Einschlaghistorie ausgelöscht. Der übrig gebliebene Anteil ist von diesen geologischen Prozessen oft bis zur Unkenntlichkeit verändert oder im Untergrund unseren Blicken entzogen.Die Kartierung dessen, was von den Einschlägen der Vergangenheit heute noch auf der Erdoberfläche zu sehen ist kann von Satelliten aus erdnahen Umlaufbahnen vorgenommen werden. Oft behindert dabei die Erdatmosphäre infolge dichter Bewölkung oder starker Luftverschmutzung den freien Blick oder fehlende Ausleuchtung durch die Sonne entzieht den Erdboden einer genauen Betrachtung. Jedoch können wir heute mit Methoden der Fernerkundung, entwickelt in den zurückliegenden Jahren, die Herausforderung, die Erdoberfläche mit hoher Präzision zu kartieren, erfolgreich bewältigen.Zwischen 2010 und 2016 hat die deutsche X-Band Radarmission TanDEM-X, geleitet und betrieben vom DLR, dem Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, das erste hochaufgelöste globale digitale Höhenmodell der festen Erdoberfläche erstellt. Es basiert auf der Methode der Interferometrie mittels Synthetischen Aperturradars. Wir haben mit Hilfe dieser Daten den ersten topografischen Atlas aller heute bekannten terrestrischen Einschlagkrater erstellt. Er vermittelt den Leserinnen und Lesern die Grundlagen des Einschlagprozesses, der Radarfernerkundung im Allgemeinen sowie der TanDEM-X Raumfahrtmission im Speziellen. Er zeigt die Einschlagkrater der Erde in mehr als 200 hochaufgelösten topografischen Karten, ergänzt durch geologische Beschreibungen sowie einer Vielzahl von Aufnahmen dieser Strukturen. Der Atlas vermittelt für jeden Kontinent einen umfassenden Überblick über dessen Inventar an Einschlagkratern.mehr

Produkt

KlappentextDie Einschläge von Asteroiden, verbunden mit der Entstehung von Einschlagkratern, sind ein fundamentaler Prozess im Sonnensystem; mit ziemlicher Sicherheit sogar darüber hinaus. Als die Planeten und ihre Monde in der protoplanetaren Scheibe des sich gerade bildenden Sonnensystems am Entstehen waren, spielten Einschläge auf ihren Oberflächen eine wichtige Rolle. Auch später beeinflussten sie die Entwicklung der Planeten. Der Einschlag großer Projektile wirkte sich auf der Erde sogar auf die Entwicklung des Lebens aus.In den zurückliegenden 50 Jahren hat uns die interplanetare Raumfahrt die Kartierung der kraterübersäten alten Oberflächen unserer Nachbarn im Sonnensystem ermöglicht. Auf unserem Heimatplaneten repräsentiert die heutige Anzahl der weltweiten Einschlagkrater dagegen nur einen Bruchteil dessen, was die Erde im Lauf ihrer Geschichte an Einschlägen erfahren hat. Tektonische Aktivität, Erosion und Verwitterung sowie Sedimentation hat den Großteil dieser Einschlaghistorie ausgelöscht. Der übrig gebliebene Anteil ist von diesen geologischen Prozessen oft bis zur Unkenntlichkeit verändert oder im Untergrund unseren Blicken entzogen.Die Kartierung dessen, was von den Einschlägen der Vergangenheit heute noch auf der Erdoberfläche zu sehen ist kann von Satelliten aus erdnahen Umlaufbahnen vorgenommen werden. Oft behindert dabei die Erdatmosphäre infolge dichter Bewölkung oder starker Luftverschmutzung den freien Blick oder fehlende Ausleuchtung durch die Sonne entzieht den Erdboden einer genauen Betrachtung. Jedoch können wir heute mit Methoden der Fernerkundung, entwickelt in den zurückliegenden Jahren, die Herausforderung, die Erdoberfläche mit hoher Präzision zu kartieren, erfolgreich bewältigen.Zwischen 2010 und 2016 hat die deutsche X-Band Radarmission TanDEM-X, geleitet und betrieben vom DLR, dem Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, das erste hochaufgelöste globale digitale Höhenmodell der festen Erdoberfläche erstellt. Es basiert auf der Methode der Interferometrie mittels Synthetischen Aperturradars. Wir haben mit Hilfe dieser Daten den ersten topografischen Atlas aller heute bekannten terrestrischen Einschlagkrater erstellt. Er vermittelt den Leserinnen und Lesern die Grundlagen des Einschlagprozesses, der Radarfernerkundung im Allgemeinen sowie der TanDEM-X Raumfahrtmission im Speziellen. Er zeigt die Einschlagkrater der Erde in mehr als 200 hochaufgelösten topografischen Karten, ergänzt durch geologische Beschreibungen sowie einer Vielzahl von Aufnahmen dieser Strukturen. Der Atlas vermittelt für jeden Kontinent einen umfassenden Überblick über dessen Inventar an Einschlagkratern.
Details
ISBN/GTIN978-3-89937-261-8
ProduktartBuch
EinbandartGebunden
Verlag
Erscheinungsjahr2020
Erscheinungsdatum21.11.2020
Seiten608 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
Gewicht4700 g
Illustrationen435 farbige Abbildungen, 205 physische Karten
Artikel-Nr.49072496

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
Band 1Preface 7Acknowledgments 8Small Bodies in the Solar System 9The Beginning 9Relics of Planetary Formation 10Impacts 11Hypervelocity Impacts 11Impact Crater Formation 12Contact and Compression 12Excavation 13Modification 14Shock Metamorphic Effects 15High-Pressure Polymorphs 16Impactites 17Tracing the Meteoritic Projectile in Impact Brecciasand Impact Melt Rock 17Terrestrial Impact Structures 19Earth´s Impact Crater Record 19The Actual Impact Structure Record 19Impact Structure Parameterization 20Radar Remote Sensing 23Synthetic Aperture Radar 23SAR Interferometry 24The TanDEM-X Mission 26TanDEM-X Data Acquisition 27TanDEM-X DEM Generation 27TanDEM-X Maps of Impact Structures 30Data Fusion TanDEM-X / Multispectral Sensor 32The Atlas 337.1âAfrica 35Overview 36Agoudal, Morocco 38Amguid, Algeria 40Aorounga, Chad 42Aouelloul, Mauretania 45Bosumtwi, Ghana 48BP, Libya 52Gweni Fada, Chad 56Kalkkop, South Africa 58Kamil, Egypt 60Kgagodi Basin, Botswana 62Libyan Desert Glass, Egypt 64Luizi, Democratic Republic of Congo 67Morokweng, South Africa 70Oasis, Libya 72Roter Kamm, Namibia 75Talemzane, Algeria 78Tenoumer, Mauretania 81Tin Bider, Algeria 84Tswaing, South Africa 86Vredefort, South Africa 89Impact Structures - Further Confirmation RequiredOuarkziz, Algeria 977.2âNorth/Central America 100Overview 101Ames, Oklahoma, United States 104Avak, Alaska, United States 104Beaverhead, Montana, United States 108Brent, Ontario, Canada 110Calvin, Michigan, United States 112Carswell, Saskatchewan, Canada 114Charlevoix, Quebec, Canada 116Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, United States 119Chicxulub, Mexico 122Clearwater East and Clearwater West, Quebec, Canada 126Cloud Creek, Wyoming, United States 130Couture, Quebec, Canada 132Crooked Creek, Missouri, United States 134Decaturville, Missouri, United States 136Decorah, Iowa, United States 138Deep Bay, Saskatchewan, Canada 140Des Plaines, Illinois, United States 142Douglas Crater Field, Wyoming, United States 144Eagle Butte, Alberta, Canada 148Elbow, Saskatchewan, Canada 150Flynn Creek, Tennessee, United States 152Glasford, Illinois, United States 154Glover Bluff, Wisconsin, United States 156Gow, Saskatchewan, Canada 158Haughton, Nunavut, Canada 160Haviland, Kansas, United States 162Holleford, Ontario, Canada 164Île Rouleau, Quebec, Canada 166Kentland, Indiana, United States 168La Moinerie, Quebec, Canada 170Manicouagan, Quebec, Canada 172Manson, Iowa, United States 178Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada 180Marquez, Texas, United States 182Meteor Crater, Arizona, United States 184Middlesboro, Kentucky, United States 188Mistastin, Labrador, Canada 190Montagnais, Nova Scotia, Canada 194Newporte, North Dakota, United States 196Nicholson Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada 198Odessa Crater Field, Texas, United States 200Pilot, Northwest Territories, Canada 202Pingualuit, Quebec, Canada 204Presqu´île, Quebec, Canada 206Red Wing, North Dakota, United States 208Rock Elm, Wisconsin, United States 210Saint Martin, Manitoba, Canada 212Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States 214Serpent Mound, Ohio, United States 216Sierra Madera, Texas, United States 218Slate Islands, Ontario, Canada 221Steen River, Alberta, Canada 224Sudbury, Ontario, Canada 226Tunnunik, Northwest Territories, Canada 230Upheaval Dome, Utah, United States 232Viewfield, Saskatchewan, Canada 236Wanapitei, Ontario, Canada 238Wells Creek, Tennessee, United States 240West Hawk, Manitoba, Canada 242Wetumpka, Alabama, United States 244Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada 246Impact Structures - Further Confirmation RequiredBloody Creek, Nova Scotia, Canada 248Hiawatha, Greenland 250Pantasma, Nicaragua 2527.3âSouth America 257Overview 258Araguainha, Brazil 260Campo del Cielo Crater Field, Argentina 264Carancas, Peru 266Cerro do Jarau, Brazil 269Monturaqui, Chile 272Riachão, Brazil 275Santa Marta, Brazil 278São Miguel do Tapuio, Brazil 282Serra da Cangalha, Brazil 285Vargeão Dome, Brazil 288Vista Alegre, Brazil 292Impact Structures - Further Confirmation RequiredColônia Basin, Brazil 296Nova Colinas, Brazil 298Rio Cuarto Crater Field, Argentina 301Geologic Timescale 3047.4âAsia 311 (part 2)7.5âAustralia 373 (part 2)7.6âEurope 449 (part 2)Band 27.1âAfrica 35 (part 1)7.2âNorth/Central America 100 (part 1)7.3âSouth America 257 (part 1)7.4âAsia 311Overview 312Beyenchime-Salaatin, Russia 314Bigach, Kazakhstan 316Chiyli, Kazakhstan 318Chukcha, Russia 320Dhala, India 322El´gygytgyn, Russia 325Jebel Waqf as Suwwan, Jordan 328Logancha, Russia 332Lonar, India 334Macha Crater Field, Russia 336Popigai, Russia 338Ragozinka, Russia 340Ramgarh, India 342Saqqar, Saudi Arabia 346Shunak, Kazakhstan 348Sikhote Alin Crater Field, Russia 350Sobolev, Russia 352Tabun-Khara-Obo, Mongolia 354Wabar Crater Field, Saudi Arabia356Xiuyan, China 359Zhamanshin, Kazakhstan 362Impact Structures - Further Confirmation RequiredKara-Kul, Tajikistan 365Yilan, China 368Strongest Airburst in Modern TimesTunguska, Russia 3707.5âAustralia 373Overview 374Acraman, South Australia 376Amelia Creek, Northern Territory 378Boxhole, Northern Territory 380Cleanskin, Northern Territory 382Dalgaranga, Western Australia 384Foelsche, Northern Territory 386Glikson, Western Australia 388Goat Paddock, Western Australia 391Gosses Bluff, Northern Territory 394Goyder, Northern Territory 398Henbury Crater Field, Northern Territory 400Hickman, Western Australia 403Kelly West, Northern Territory 406Lake Raeside, Western Australia 408Lawn Hill, Queensland 410Liverpool, Northern Territory 412Matt Wilson, Northern Territory 414Shoemaker, Western Australia 417Spider, Western Australia 420Strangways, Northern Territory 423Tookoonooka, Queensland 426Veevers, Western Australia 428Wolfe Creek, Western Australia 430Woodleigh, Western Australia 434Yallalie, Western Australia 436Yarrabubba, Western Australia 438Impact Structures - Further Confirmation RequiredConnolly Basin, Western Australia 440Crawford and Flaxman, South Australia 442Mount Toondina, South Australia 444Piccaninny, Western Australia 4467.6âEurope 449Overview 451Boltysh, Ukraine 454Dellen, Sweden 456Dobele, Latvia 458Gardnos, Norway 460Granby, Sweden 462Gusev and Kamensk, Russia 464Hummeln, Sweden 466Ilumetsä Crater Field, Estonia 468Ilyinets, Ukraine 470Iso-Naakkima, Finland 472Jänisjärvi, Russia 474Kaalijärv Crater Field, Estonia 476Kärdla, Estonia 478Kaluga, Russia 480Kamenetsk, Ukraine 482Kara, Russia 484Karikkoselkä, Finland 488Karla, Russia 490Keurusselkä, Finland 492Kursk, Russia 494Lappajärvi, Finland 496Lockne, Sweden 499Logoisk, Belarus 502Lumparn, Finland 504Målingen, Sweden 506Mien, Sweden 508Mishina Gora, Russia 510Mizarai, Lithuania 512Mjølnir, Norway 514Morasko Crater Field, Poland 516Neugrund, Estonia 518Obolon, Ukraine 520Paasselkä, Finland 522Puchezh-Katunki, Russia 524Ries, Germany 526Ritland, Norway 532Rochechouart, France 536Rotmistrovka, Ukraine 538Saarijärvi, Finland 540Sääksjärvi, Finland 542Siljan, Sweden 544Söderfjärden, Finland 548Steinheim Basin, Germany 550Sterlitamak, Russia 554Suavjärvi, Russia 556Summanen, Finland 558Suvasvesi North and Suvasvesi South, Finland 560Ternovka, Ukraine 562Tvären, Sweden 564Vepriai, Lithuania 566Zapadnaja, Ukraine 568Zeleny Gai, Ukraine 570Geologic Timescale 573Selected References 575Glossary 593Chemical Elements 599Abbreviations and Acronyms 599Impact Geology Index 601Cartographic Index 604Authors 607mehr
Vorwort
The idea for this atlas was born already several years ago. Then, a precise topographic atlas presenting terrestrial impact craters, the scars of the impacts of solid bodies onto the Earth´s surface, had not been established yet. This was astonishing, as such impacts had long been considered as the most fundamental process on the surfaces of the terrestrial planets , as the late Eugene Shoemaker, one of the pioneers of impact geology, had put it. But when the first digital elevation data had been processed from the early phase of the TanDEM-X mission, they immediately showed their great potential for mapping applications. We were particularly excited, because the objective of this space-borne undertaking of generating a precise high-resolution digital elevation model for the entire solid surface of Earth would allow, for the first time, to map the morphology of all terrestrial impact structures with a topographic expression, in detail. What had been the limiting factor of the existing datasets for such an exercise in the past - no global coverage, data gaps, or data artefacts - would no longer hamper the cartographic work. Only very small impact craters below the resolution of the TanDEM-X data would escape recognition in the TanDEM-X maps.Patience, however, was required before the final TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was released and access to the data for science applications was granted. In the meantime, we had investigated the workflow to present the topography of an impact structure and its environs by using Raw DEM scenes. Because our intention was not to merely publish a sequence of high-quality maps, our atlas concept foresaw to additionally provide short and concise, illustrated text sections for each impact structure. As two of us, Thomas Kenkmann and Wolf Uwe Reimold, have throughout their careers as impact geologists confirmed the impact origin of a considerable number of structures and participated in the studies of many more, these so-called fact sheets also reflect personal experience. Clearly this is the reason why these texts sometimes differ in style - this is indeed intended. What is more, the fact sheets also reflect the varied degrees of detailed study that different impact structures have permitted to date.The individual texts also provide information about the location of a structure and how to access it. For those structures in very remote parts of the globe, the access notes can, however, be limited. A list of selected references completes each text. These are the main references that were used by the authors of the individual fact sheets - who are acknowledged at the top of each structure´s first page. These references are also intended to provide the layperson with a strategic entry into the literature pertaining to any of these impact structures.The atlas consists of three parts: introductory chapters, the physical maps with corresponding texts for all impact structures covered herein, and an annexure with supplementary information. The first introductory chapter briefly explains why interplanetary space is filled with small bodies and why they sometimes approach Earth´s orbit. Chapter 2 goes a bit deeper into the principles of hypervelocity impact. It explains crater formation, shock metamorphism, and specific impact-related lithologies. This chapter introduces impact related concepts that are addressed in more detail in the subsequent impact structure-related fact sheets. The third chapter describes the terrestrial impact crater record. A short account on its completeness - or rather lack thereof - is followed by its status at the time of the manuscript deadline as of February 2020. As the last two years have been very productive in identifying previously unknown impact structures, we have thrived towards a status that is as complete as possible. Our atlas, however, has a differentiated view on some alleged impact structures. Where we feel that the evidence for an impact origin is still incomplete or ambiguous, we treat these structures separately, even though other impact data bases may list these cases as confirmed - without further analysis of the evidence.The remaining introductory chapters explain the remote sensing principles behind data acquisition and processing, together with how the physical maps were generated. Chapter 4 illustrates radar remote sensing, particularly the concept of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) that allows high-resolution space-borne imaging in the microwave spectral domain. While SAR yields 2D imagery, it is a pre-condition for SAR interferometry, which exploits elevation and therefore delivers a 3D view. This concept has been successfully implemented in the TanDEM-X mission, which is the topic of chapter 5. This section not only summarizes the characteristics of both radar satellites, but it also explains how the challenging task of interferometric data takes was pursued with subsequent data processing. Chapter 6 explains how the maps were produced. This demanded a stepwise approach with observation of various requirements, such as map projection, illumination, and dealing with the presence of water bodies.With chapter 7 the map-oriented part of the atlas - by far the major portion of our book - begins: Africa, North/Central America and South America are covered in Part 1, Asia, Australia and Europe in Part 2. All impact structures on a continent are listed alphabetically. Each section comprises a one-page physical map together with the illustrated fact sheet. Those structures where confirmation as impact structures has remained ambiguous or incomplete appear separately at the end of each continent chapter.An annex with the complete list of selected references, a glossary, a geologic timescale, and lists of acronyms and abbreviations completes the atlas.For whom, which readership, was this atlas compiled? Our atlas is intended to provide the professional expert with a reference book summarizing the terrestrial impact crater record as of February 2020 in a complete and coherent, as well as concise manner. For the interested layman our book can be a source of impact cratering information at different levels - basic in the introductory chapters and more specific in the fact sheets. The maps together with the indication how to access an individual impact site may even trigger visits to some of the more conveniently located structures.In this atlas our knowledge and expertise from different research areas - impact geology, a bit of astronomy, and remote sensing - has been combined. Thomas Kenkmann and Wolf Uwe Reimold assembled the fact sheets for the currently confirmed impact structures. Their ongoing work in the past years even helped to add several new impact structures to the terrestrial impact record - and to the atlas content. We believe that this work provides a status that is as up-to-date as possible. During their field work, they obtained a large repository of imagery, some of which is shared here in the book. Manfred Gott­wald dealt with the remote sensing related tasks, formulated the introductory chapters, and took care of the graphic artwork. This included the processing of the TanDEM-X digital elevation data, the production of the physical maps, and, where appropriate, the fusion of the TanDEM-X data with Sentinel-2 data.What we present in this atlas about the terrestrial impact structure record - its content and parameterization - reflects the status that, as we feel, provides a complete and consistent view as of February 2020. For several impacts, however, different results can be found in literature. As the study of impact structures is an ongoing and vivid research topic, for these structures only future work will reveal the final truth.Considerable effort has been put into the making of this reference work. We hope that our result will provide assistance to many, and enjoyment as well. It may be a reference volume for years to come.Manfred Gottwald, Garching bei MünchenThomas Kenkmann, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, FreiburgWolf Uwe Reimold, University of Brasília, BrasíliaFebruary 2020mehr

Autor

Gottwald, ManfredManfred Gottwald was educated in astronomy and physics at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich. After his Ph.D. in 1983 he worked in high-energy astrophysics for the European Space Agency and the Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, studying objects far out in our galaxy and beyond. When he joined the German Aerospace Center at Oberpfaffenhofen, our solar system and Earth became the scientific topics of choice. At the Earth Observation Center he was involved in many space-borne missions investigating our atmosphere, our cryosphere and the terrestrial surface. Particularly challenging was his responsibility for the atmospheric science instrument SCIAMACHY on the European ENVISAT platform. Since the International Polar Year 2007/2008 he coordinated the national Earth Observation missions in support of polar science under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization. This familiarized him with the TanDEM-X radar mission, whose high-resolution digital elevation model allowed Manfred to engage in impact craters, a field where astronomy meets geology.
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