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Bioplastics

Basics. Applications. Markets.
TaschenbuchKartoniert, Paperback
120 Seiten
Englisch
Polymedia Publisher GmbHerschienen am18.11.20203. Aufl.
Bioplastics are on the one hand biobased plastics (produced from renewable resources) and on the other hand may well be biodegradable plastics. Many bioplastics, but not all, meet both of these criteria. It is a widely held misconception that biobased plastics are automatically biodegradable, and vice versa.This book offers a short introduction into plastics and bioplastics, explaining which renewable resources can be used to produce bioplastics, what types of bioplastic exist, and which ones are currently on the market.Chapters on applications, the market, end-of-life scenarios, political background and regulations, and the outlook for plastics round off the book.mehr

Produkt

KlappentextBioplastics are on the one hand biobased plastics (produced from renewable resources) and on the other hand may well be biodegradable plastics. Many bioplastics, but not all, meet both of these criteria. It is a widely held misconception that biobased plastics are automatically biodegradable, and vice versa.This book offers a short introduction into plastics and bioplastics, explaining which renewable resources can be used to produce bioplastics, what types of bioplastic exist, and which ones are currently on the market.Chapters on applications, the market, end-of-life scenarios, political background and regulations, and the outlook for plastics round off the book.
Details
ISBN/GTIN978-3-9814981-4-1
ProduktartTaschenbuch
EinbandartKartoniert, Paperback
FormatPaperback (Deutsch)
ErscheinungsortMönchengladbach
ErscheinungslandDeutschland
Erscheinungsjahr2020
Erscheinungsdatum18.11.2020
Auflage3. Aufl.
Seiten120 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
Gewicht150 g
Illustrationenfarbige Abbildungen, farbige Rastergrafiken, s/w Rastergrafiken
Artikel-Nr.49124603

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Bioplastic - what is it exactly? 61.1 Fundamentals 61.2 Bioplastics 71.2.1 Biobased plastics 81.2.2 Biodegradable plastics 81.3 Biobased plastics - why? 102 Renewable resources 122.1 Introduction 122.2 Natural Polymers 122.2.1 Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) 122.2.2 Proteins 132.2.3 Lignin 132.2.4 Natural rubber 132.2.5 Other 132.3 Other biogenic materials 142.3.1 Plant oils 142.3.2 Monomers 143 Biobased plastics 163.1 Introduction 163.2 Biobased / partially biobased 193.3 Modified natural polymers 213.3.1 Thermoplastic starch 213.3.2 Cellulose-based plastics 223.3.3 Natural rubber and thermoplastic elastomers 243.3.4 Lignin-based plastics 263.3.5 Protein-based plastics 263.3.6 PHA 273.4 Synthesised biobased polymers from synthesised biobased monomers 303.4.1 Biobased polyesters 303.4.2 Biobased polyamides 363.4.3 Biobased polyurethane 383.4.4 Biobased polyacrylates 393.4.5 Biobased polyolefins 393.4.6 Biobased thermoset resins 413.4.7 Other biobased plastics 423.4.8 Bioplastics from waste 434 Methods of processing plastics 464.1 Introduction 464.2 Compounding 464.3 Further processing 474.3.1 Extrusion 474.3.2 Blown film extrusion 484.3.3 Injection moulding 494.3.4 Blow moulding 504.3.5 Thermoforming 524.3.6 Foams 524.3.7 Casting 544.3.8 Other plastic processing methods 544.3.9 Joining plastic together 555 Applications 565.1 Packaging 565.2 Catering 585.3 Horticulture and agriculture 595.4 Medicine and personal care 615.5 Consumer electronics 625.5 Automobile manufacture 635.6 Textiles 655.7 Other 666 End of Life / Disposal / Closed loops 686.1 Recycling 686.1.1 Material recycling 686.1.2 Chemical recycling 696.2 Composting 696.3 Energy recovery or thermal recycling 706.4 Land fill 716.5 Closed loops 727 The market 748 Potential and perspectives 788.1 Further developments 788.2 Do we in fact have enough agricultural land? 799 Legal and regulatory background 829.1 Standards and certification regarding compostability 829.2 The Packaging Ordinance 839.3 Biobased standards and certification 8310 Suggested further reading 8611 Sources of information on the Internet 8812 List of references 90Index 96mehr
Vorwort
Preface Petroleum is not an inexhaustible resource, and it is becoming ever more expensive. Burning of petroleum products (including plastics) has an impact on climate change. Bioplastics can offer an alternative in this regard.Bioplastics are on the one hand biobased plastics (produced from renewable resources) and on the other hand may well be biodegradable plastics. Many bioplastics meet both of these criteria.This book is based on numerous articles in the bioplastics MAGAZINE trade publication as well as on various talks, presentations and university lectures that have been given by the author in recent years.It is intended to offer a rapid and uncomplicated introduction into the subject of bioplastics, and is aimed at all interested readers, in particular those who have not yet had the opportunity to dig deeply into the subject, such as students, those just joining this industry, and lay readers. It gives an introduction to plastics and bioplastics, explains which renewable resources can be used to produce bioplastics, what types of bioplastic exist, and which ones are already on the market. Further aspects, such as market development, the agricultural land required, and waste disposal, are also examined.An extensive index allows the reader to find specific aspects quickly, and is complemented by a comprehensive literature list and a guide to sources of additional information on the Internet.The author and the publishers express their thanks to all of the companies who have made it possible, through their advertisements, to publish this book at the lowest possible retail selling price. It should be made clear, however, that these companies have had no influence on the contents of the book. The author also expresses his thanks to the FNR (Agency for Renewable Resources) within then German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection for their support and excellent cooperation.Mönchengladbach, February 2012Michael Thielenmehr
Leseprobe
1 Bioplastic - what is it exactly?1.1 FundamentalsPlastics are organic polymers which can be processed in various different ways. Their technical properties, such as formability, hardness, elasticity, rigidity, heat resistance and chemical resistance, can be varied across a wide range by selecting the correct raw materials, manufacturing process, and additives. Plastics are lighter and more economic than many other materials. For these reasons, plus their extreme versatility and excellent processability, they are the material of choice in many industrial and commercial applications [1, 2]. Since the widespread availability of petroleum at the beginning of the 20th century most traditional plastics have been produced using petroleum.The statistics (2010 figures) are impressive: the plastics industry employs more than 1.6 million people in Western Europe and turns over some 300 billion Euros per annum. Out of the approximately 230 million tonnes of plastics produced annually worldwide about one quarter comes from Europe. Its applications are not only in packaging (40%), construction materials (20%), but plastic is also needed in automobile production (7%) and furniture manufacture, as well as in the electronics industry and in the manufacture of domestic equipment of all types [3].Accordingly the demand for plastics continues to grow - for example demand in 1976 stood at 50 million tonnes worldwide, and by 2015 is expected to reach 330 million tonnes.But plastic isn t simply plastic. Whilst thermoset resins remain permanently in a rigid state after hardening, thermoplastics can be melted again, or reshaped by the application of heat. These thermoplastics are the most commonly used and hold an 80% share of the market. Another group of plastics covers the ductile plastics or thermoplastic elastomers [1]. 1.2 BioplasticsThe widely used term bioplastics is not totally unambiguous and covers several groups of plastics. These on the one hand are biobased plastics (made from renewable resources) and on the other hand biodegradable plastics. Many bioplastics fall into both categories. (top right in Fig 1.1). The main focus in biobased plastics is the origin of the basic raw materials, i.e. renewable resources, in contrast to petroleum, which is a limited resource. Renewable resources are often referred to as RRs (or RRM for Renewable Raw Materials).Biodegradable plastics are classified according to the way in which they can be disposed of. These plastics are accessible to micro-organisms as a source of nutrition and energy, and the metabolic structure of the organisms means that they can break the material down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water and biomass (see also chapter1.2.2).Biobased plastics may or may not be biodegradable plastics.Biodegradable plastics may or may not be produced from renewable resources.In fact it is a general misconception that biobased plastics are automatically also biodegradable, and vice versa.Fig 1.1: Biobased und biodegradable plastics (according to [4])1.2.1 Biobased plastics Plastics basically consist of macromolecules that in general are made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and other compounds such as oxygen, nitrogen etc. If the origin of the carbon/carbonates is from a fossil resource (petroleum, natural gas, coal) we talk about conventional, traditional or petroleum-based plastics. The carbon component in biobased plastics comes from current, rapidly renewable, resources. These may be fruits from various plants, or also so-called remnants such as stalks, leaves, etc. Even trash disposal routes such as communal waste water can be rich in current carbon substances so that they are basically suitable as a resource for biobased plastics. (cf. chapter. 3.3.6).The biobased plastics will be dealt with in detail more in this publication.1.2.2 Biodegradable plasticsA substance or a material is biodegradable if it is broken down by micro-organisms such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, or enzymes. The micro-organisms use the substances as nutrients or a source of energy. The remainder of the broken down substance consists of carbon dioxide (CO2), water and mineral salts of other elements present (mineralisation), plus biomass [5]. A difference is made between aerobic degradation in the presence of oxygen, as is the case in a compost heap, and anaerobic degradation. In anaerobic degradation there is no oxygen present. In bio-gas plants for example, this type of degradation leads to the production of methane that can be captured in a controlled way and used for energy generation. The conversion of organic waste into bio-gas is also often referred to as anaerobic digestion (AD) [6].mehr