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BOLD fMRI

E-BookPDF1 - PDF WatermarkE-Book
294 Seiten
Englisch
SPRINGER USerschienen am03.07.20102010
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures quick, tiny metabolic changes that take place in the brain, providing the most sensitive method currently available for identifying, investigating, and monitoring brain tumors, stroke, and chronic disorders of the nervous system like multiple sclerosis, and brain abnormalities related to dementia or seizures. This overview explains the principles of fMRI, scanning methodlogies, experimental design and data analysis, and outlines challenges and limitations of fMRI. It also provides a detailed neuroanatomic atlas, and describes clinical applications of fMRI in cognitive, sensory, and motor cases, translating research into clinical application.mehr
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Produkt

KlappentextFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures quick, tiny metabolic changes that take place in the brain, providing the most sensitive method currently available for identifying, investigating, and monitoring brain tumors, stroke, and chronic disorders of the nervous system like multiple sclerosis, and brain abnormalities related to dementia or seizures. This overview explains the principles of fMRI, scanning methodlogies, experimental design and data analysis, and outlines challenges and limitations of fMRI. It also provides a detailed neuroanatomic atlas, and describes clinical applications of fMRI in cognitive, sensory, and motor cases, translating research into clinical application.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781441913296
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark
FormatE107
Erscheinungsjahr2010
Erscheinungsdatum03.07.2010
Auflage2010
Seiten294 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
Dateigrösse10436 Kbytes
IllustrationenX, 294 p. 79 illus., 60 illus. in color.
Artikel-Nr.1717013
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Part I: BOLD Functional MRI;12
4.1;1: Principles of Functional MRI;13
4.1.1;Introduction;13
4.1.2;Physiological Changes;14
4.1.3;Functional Imaging Contrasts;16
4.1.4;T1 Weighted fMRI;16
4.1.5;and T2 Based fMRI;19
4.1.6;Intravascular Component;19
4.1.7;Extravascular Component;22
4.1.8;Spin Echo versus Gradient Echo BOLD;24
4.1.9;Contrast-to-Noise Ratio;25
4.1.10;Spatial and Temporal Resolution of fMRI;27
4.1.11;Spatial Resolution;27
4.1.12;Temporal Resolution;27
4.1.13;Conclusions;28
4.1.14;References;29
4.2;2: fMRI Scanning Methodologies;33
4.2.1;General Overview;33
4.2.2;Spin-Echo and Gradient-Echo Imaging Methods;35
4.2.3;Spin-Echo Formation Mechanism;35
4.2.4;Spin-Echo Imaging Pulse Sequence;37
4.2.5;Contrast Characteristics of Spin-Echo Sequences;43
4.2.5.1;Vascular Effects;43
4.2.5.2;Flow Effects;45
4.2.6;Gradient-Echo Formation Mechanism;46
4.2.7;Gradient-Echo Imaging Pulse Sequence;48
4.2.8;Contrast Characteristics of Gradient-Echo Sequences;51
4.2.8.1;Vascular Effects;51
4.2.8.2;Inflow Effects;52
4.2.9;Echo Planar Imaging Methods;54
4.2.10;Echo Planar Imaging Pulse Sequences;55
4.2.10.1;Gradient Echo-Recalled EPI Sequence;58
4.2.10.2;Spin-Echo Recalled EPI Sequence;59
4.2.11;Spiral-Echo Planar Imaging Methods;60
4.2.12;References;63
4.3;3: Experimental Design and Data Analysis for fMRI;65
4.3.1;Introduction;65
4.3.2;Basic Types of Neuroimaging Inference;66
4.3.3;Manipulation of the Cognitive Process;68
4.3.4;Properties of the BOLD fMRI System That Impact Experimental Design;69
4.3.5;Different Temporal Structures of BOLD fMRI Experiments;71
4.3.6;Data Preprocessing;73
4.3.7;Distortion Correction;73
4.3.8;Slice Acquisition Correction;73
4.3.9;Motion Correction;74
4.3.10;Spatial Normalization;74
4.3.11;Spatial Smoothing;75
4.3.12;Statistical Analysis;75
4.3.13;References;79
4.4;4: Challenges in fMRI and Its Limitations;80
4.4.1;Introduction;80
4.4.2;MR Physics-Based Limitations in fMRI;81
4.4.3;Physics-Based Limitations on Spatial Resolution;81
4.4.4;SNR and Field Strength;83
4.4.5;Static Field Inhomogeneities;83
4.4.6;Effect of Acquisition TR;85
4.4.7;Physiological Factors Influencing Spatial Resolution;85
4.4.8;Physiological-Based Limitations/Constraints in fMRI;85
4.4.9;Blood Oxygenation Changes and Localization;86
4.4.10;Functional Spatial Limitations;86
4.4.11;Brain System Dependent Limitations;87
4.4.12;Draining Vein Problem;87
4.4.13;Initial Dip;88
4.4.14;Subject Movement;89
4.4.15;Other Physiological Changes Associated with Brain Activation;90
4.4.16;Threshold Effects and Localization;90
4.4.17;Temporal Resolution of the BOLD Response;90
4.4.18;Pulse Sequences for fMRI: Spatial/Temporal Resolution;92
4.4.19;Imaging Approaches to Other Physiological Measurements;95
4.4.20;Arterial Spin Labeling;95
4.4.21;Sensitivity;97
4.4.22;Summary;97
4.4.23;References;97
4.5;5: Clinical Challenges of fMRI;102
4.5.1;Introduction;102
4.5.2;A Brief History of Clinical Brain Mapping;103
4.5.3;Hemodynamic Basis of fMRI Maps;103
4.5.4;Technical Considerations;105
4.5.4.1;Field Strength;105
4.5.5;Scan Sequence and Susceptibility;106
4.5.6;Mapping the Oxy/Deoxyhemoglobin Signal;109
4.5.7;Study and Task Design;109
4.5.8;Task Selection;109
4.5.9;Practice Effects;111
4.5.10;Task Difficulty;112
4.5.11;Analysis;113
4.5.12;Within Subject Versus Group Analysis;114
4.5.13;Dependent Measures;115
4.5.14;Conjunction Analysis;116
4.5.15;Reproducibility;118
4.5.16;Applying fMRI to Clinical Planning;119
4.5.16.1;Significance of Signal Localization;119
4.5.17;Reliability of Signal Adjacent to Pathology;120
4.5.18;Relationship to Outcomes;121
4.5.19;Conclusions;121
4.5.20;References;121
5;Part II: fMRI Clinical Applications;126
5.1;6: Brain Mapping for Neurosurgery and Cognitive Neuroscience;127
5.1.1;Historical Milestones That Enable Imaging of Cortical Processes That Underlie Mental Events Using MRI;127
5.1.2;Development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to Visualize Living Brain Structure;130
5.1.3;The Development of fMRI;130
5.1.4;The BOLD Response;130
5.1.5;Hypothesis of Functional Specialization;132
5.1.6;Identification and Preservation of Cortical Areas Specialized for Essential Tasks;134
5.1.7;A Multifunction Task Battery;135
5.1.8;Healthy Volunteers and Patients;137
5.1.9;Sensitivity of Task Battery: Healthy Volunteers;137
5.1.10;Sensitivity of Task Battery: Surgical Population;137
5.1.11;Comparison of Task Sensitivity for Patients and Healthy Volunteers;139
5.1.12;Accuracy of Task Battery: Comparison with Intraoperative Electrophysiology;139
5.1.13;Comparison of fMRI, Wada, and Intraoperative Language Mapping;140
5.1.14;Comparison of fMRI and Visual Fields;140
5.1.15;Case Example 1: Motor and Language Mapping;140
5.1.16;Integrative Mapping of Sensory and Motor Functions;141
5.1.17;Interoperative Mapping of Language Functions;141
5.1.18;Postsurgical Status;142
5.1.19;Case Example 2: Language Mapping-Late Bilingual Patient;143
5.1.20;Case Example 3: Language Mapping-Early Bilingual Patient;144
5.1.21;Case Example 4: Motor Mapping;145
5.1.22;Determination of the Anatomy and Topography of Cortical Areas Specialized for Cognitive Tasks;148
5.1.23;Conservation of Effects versus Individual Differences: Generalizing the Results;148
5.1.24;Method of Cognitive Subtraction;149
5.1.25;Method of Cognitive Conjunction;149
5.1.26;Integration of Functionally Specialized Areas Associated with Cognitive Tasks: The Network Approach;151
5.1.27;Functional Neuroanatomy of Language Processes: A Large-Scale Network;151
5.1.28;Functional Neuroanatomy of Attention Processes: A Large-Scale Network;152
5.1.29;Tests of Cognitive Theory Based on Mapping of Neural Correlates;154
5.1.30;Functional Neuroanatomy of Working Memory: A Fixed- or Variable-Area Network;154
5.1.31;The N Back Task and a Test of a Cognitive Theory;154
5.1.32;Functional Neuroanatomy of Selective Attention: A Neurological Model of Cognitive Interference;155
5.1.32.1;The Stroop Task;155
5.1.33;Functional Neuroanatomy of Executive Processes: Separate or Combined Systems;157
5.1.34;The Go-No Go Task;159
5.1.35;Integration of Temporal and Spatial Information to Map Executive Processes;159
5.1.36;Integration of ERP and fMRI;160
5.1.37;Event-Related fMRI;160
5.1.38;The Oddball Task;161
5.1.39;The Functional Neuroanatomy of Very High Level Cognitive Processes;162
5.1.40;References;164
5.2;7: fMRI of Memory in Aging and Dementia;168
5.2.1;Episodic Memory;168
5.2.2;Age Related Changes in Episodic Memory;169
5.2.3;Episodic Memory in Alzheimer´s Disease and Related Conditions;175
5.2.4;Semantic Memory;178
5.2.5;Semantic Memory in Aging and Dementia;178
5.2.6;Working Memory;180
5.2.7;Working Memory in Aging and Dementia;181
5.2.8;Methodological Issues in the Use of fMRI in Aging and Dementia Research;182
5.2.9;Conclusion;183
5.2.10;References;184
5.3;8: fMRI of Language Systems: Methods and Applications;190
5.3.1;Some Proposed Clinical Applications of fMRI Language Mapping;190
5.3.2;Presurgical Applications;191
5.3.3;Prediction of Outcome in Aphasia;191
5.3.4;Diagnosis;192
5.3.5;Monitoring Treatment Effects;192
5.3.6;Some Theoretical Principles;192
5.3.7;Survey of Language Activation Protocols;194
5.3.8;Myth 1;194
5.3.9;Myth 2;194
5.3.10;Myth 3;195
5.3.11;Myth 4;195
5.3.12;Language Task: Passively Listening to Words or Sentences;198
5.3.12.1;Control Task: Rest;198
5.3.13;Language Task: Passively Listening to Words;198
5.3.13.1;Control Task: Passively Listening to Nonspeech;198
5.3.14;Language Task: Word Generation;199
5.3.14.1;Control Task: Rest;199
5.3.15;Language Task: Word Generation;199
5.3.15.1;Control Task: Reading or Repeating;199
5.3.16;Language Task: Visual Object Naming;199
5.3.16.1;Control Task: Rest;199
5.3.17;Language Task: Semantic Decision;200
5.3.17.1;Control Task: Sensory Discrimination;200
5.3.18;Language Task: Semantic Decision;200
5.3.18.1;Control Task: Phonological Decision;200
5.3.19;Language Task: Sentence or Word Reading;200
5.3.19.1;Control Task: Passively Viewing Letterstrings;200
5.3.20;Reliability, Validation, and Outcome Prediction Studies;202
5.3.21;Normative Studies;202
5.3.22;Test-Retest Reliability;204
5.3.23;Wada Comparisons;206
5.3.24;Comparisons with Cortical Stimulation Mapping;207
5.3.25;Prediction of Language Outcome;208
5.3.26;Future Applications: Use of fMRI Language Maps in Surgical Planning;209
5.3.27;References;212
5.4;9: fMRI Wada Test: Prospects for Presurgical Mapping of Language and Memory;221
5.4.1;Introduction;221
5.4.2;The IAT: History and Background;222
5.4.3;Description of a Standardized IAT Protocol;224
5.4.4;Replacement of the IAT with Functional Neuroimaging;225
5.4.5;fMRI Language Paradigms and the IAT;226
5.4.6;Case Examples of fMRI Language Activation;235
5.4.7;fMRI Memory Paradigms and the IAT;237
5.4.8;Case Examples of fMRI Memory Activation;241
5.4.9;Methodological Issues in Creating fMRI Paradigms to Replace the IAT;241
5.4.9.1;Technical Concerns;241
5.4.10;Clinical Concerns;244
5.4.11;Conclusions and Future Directions: Can We Replace the IAT with fMRI?;246
5.4.12;References;247
5.5;10: Cognitive Neuroscience Applications;254
5.5.1;Introduction;254
5.5.2;Inference in Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Cognitive Processes;255
5.5.3;Functional MRI as a Cognitive Neuroscience Tool;257
5.5.4;Temporal Resolution;259
5.5.5;Spatial Resolution;261
5.5.6;Issues in Functional MRI Experimental Design;263
5.5.7;Issues in Interpretation of fMRI Data;265
5.5.7.1;Statistics;265
5.5.7.2;Altered Hemodynamic Response;267
5.5.8;Types of Hypotheses Tested Using fMRI;269
5.5.9;Functional Specialization;269
5.5.10;Cognitive Theory;269
5.5.11;Functional Integration;270
5.5.12;Integration of Multiple Methods;271
5.5.13;Combined fMRI/Lesion Studies;271
5.5.14;Combined fMRI/Event-Related Potential Studies;273
5.5.15;Summary;274
5.5.16;References;274
6;Part III: Neuroanatomical Atlas;280
6.1;11: Neuroanatomical Atlas;281
7;Index;290mehr