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End-to-End Quality of Service Over Heterogeneous Networks

E-BookPDF1 - PDF WatermarkE-Book
266 Seiten
Englisch
Springer Berlin Heidelbergerschienen am02.08.20082008
This book, one of the first of its kind, presents mechanisms, protocols, and system architectures needed to attain end-to-end Quality of Service over heterogeneous wired and wireless networks in the Internet.mehr
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Produkt

KlappentextThis book, one of the first of its kind, presents mechanisms, protocols, and system architectures needed to attain end-to-end Quality of Service over heterogeneous wired and wireless networks in the Internet.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9783540791201
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark
FormatE107
Erscheinungsjahr2008
Erscheinungsdatum02.08.2008
Auflage2008
Seiten266 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
IllustrationenXX, 266 p. 85 illus.
Artikel-Nr.1425405
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Preface;5
2;Acknowledgements;7
3;Contents;9
4;Acronyms;15
5;Motivation and Basics;20
5.1;Quality of Service and its Parameters;20
5.1.1;Delay and Delay Variations in End-to-End Packet Delivery;21
5.1.2;Bandwidth and Packet Loss Ratio;22
5.2;Applications' QoS Requirements;23
5.2.1;Types of Network Applications;24
5.2.1.1;Elastic and Inelastic Applications;24
5.2.1.2;Interactive and Noninteractive Applications;24
5.2.2;QoS Requirements of Applications;25
5.2.2.1;Audio Applications;25
5.2.2.2;Video Applications;26
5.2.2.3;Data Traffic;27
5.3;Packet Scheduling in Network Elements;27
5.3.1;(Non)Work-Conserving Scheduling Disciplines;27
5.3.2;Fairness;28
5.3.2.1;Requirements for Scheduling Disciplines;28
5.3.3;Scheduling Disciplines;29
5.3.4;Packet Dropping;30
5.4;Quality-of-Service Architectures;31
5.4.1;Integrated Services ;31
5.4.2;Differentiated Services;33
5.4.3;End-to-End QoS Mechanisms;35
5.4.3.1;Endpoint Admission Control;35
5.4.3.2;Statistical Multiplexing and Egress Admission Control;36
5.4.3.3;Other End-to-End Approaches;36
5.5;Implementation and Performance of QoS-aware Applications;36
5.5.1;Prerequisites for Successful QoS Applications;36
5.5.2;Media Scaling;37
5.5.2.1;Transparent Scaling;37
5.5.2.2;Nontransparent Scaling;37
5.5.3;Applications' Performance Gain Due to QoS;38
5.5.4;Summary;39
5.6;Structure of the Book;40
6;QoS Measurements in IP-based Networks;42
6.1;Introduction;42
6.2;Measurement Metrics;43
6.2.1;Network Level;43
6.2.1.1;Connectivity;44
6.2.1.2;One-Way Delay;44
6.2.1.3;One-Way Packet Loss;45
6.2.1.4;IP Delay Variation;46
6.2.1.5;Bulk Transport Capacity;46
6.2.2;Call level;47
6.2.2.1;Call Blocking;47
6.2.2.2;Call Set-Up Latency;47
6.2.2.3;Call Release Latency;48
6.2.3;User Level;48
6.2.3.1;Subjective Assessment Method;51
6.2.3.2;Objective Assessment Method;51
6.3;Measurement Techniques;52
6.3.1;Previous Considerations;52
6.3.1.1;Synchronisation;53
6.3.1.2;Data Collection, Storage and Analysis;54
6.3.2;Base Techniques;55
6.3.2.1;Statistical Tools;55
6.3.2.2;Aggregation;56
6.3.2.3;Sampling;57
6.3.3;Active Measurements;58
6.3.3.1;Network Characteristics;58
6.3.3.2;Bandwidth Estimation;59
6.3.3.3;Topology Discovery;61
6.3.3.4;Platforms and Applications;62
6.3.4;Passive Measurements;63
6.3.4.1;Network Characteristics;64
6.3.4.2;Traffic Collection;65
6.3.4.3;Platforms and Applications;66
6.4;Conclusions;67
7;Traffic Engineering;68
7.1;Introduction;68
7.2;A Motivating Example;69
7.3;Multi-Protocol Label Switching Architecture;71
7.3.1;The Forwarding Component;72
7.3.2;The Control Component;73
7.3.3;MPLS Optimisation;75
7.3.3.1;Penultimate Hop Popping;75
7.3.3.2;Label Stacking;76
7.4;MPLS-Based Traffic Engineering;77
7.4.1;Constraint-Based Routing;77
7.4.2;Explicit Route Signalling;80
7.4.3;Traffic Engineering Practices;83
7.4.3.1;LSP Optimisation;83
7.4.3.2;Fast Rerouting;84
7.5;Traffic Engineering and Quality of Service;85
7.5.1;QoS Support over MPLS;86
7.5.2;Traffic Engineering Extensions for DiffServ;89
7.6;Conclusions;92
8;Signalling;94
8.1;Introduction;94
8.2;Session Initiation Protocol (SIP);95
8.2.1;SIP and Its Value Propositions;95
8.2.2;Protocol Components;96
8.2.2.1;User Agent Client (UAC);96
8.2.2.2;User Agent Server (UAS);96
8.2.2.3;Proxy Server;97
8.2.2.4;Registrar;98
8.2.2.5;Forking Proxies;98
8.2.2.6;Redirect Server;98
8.2.3;SIP Messages;99
8.2.3.1;Start Line;99
8.2.3.2;Header Field;99
8.2.3.3;Message Body;100
8.2.3.4;SIP Methods;100
8.2.4;Session Description;101
8.2.5;Establishment of an SIP Session;102
8.2.5.1;Message Flow for Session Establishment;103
8.2.5.2;Home Phone;104
8.2.5.3;Personal Mobility;104
8.2.6;SIP's Extension;105
8.3;The Next Steps In Signalling (NSIS);105
8.3.1;Background and Main Characteristics;105
8.3.1.1;Signalling Entities (SE);106
8.3.1.2;Distributed Signalling Architecture;107
8.3.1.3;Centralised Signalling Architecture;108
8.3.2;Overview of Signalling Scenarios and Protocol Structure;108
8.3.2.1;Layer Model for the Protocol Suite;108
8.3.2.2;Signalling Application Properties;109
8.3.3;The NSIS Layer Transport Protocol;110
8.3.3.1;GIST Description;110
8.3.3.2;Signalling for Quality of Service;113
8.3.3.3;Protocol Message Semantics;113
8.3.3.4;Route Changes and QoS Reservations;114
8.3.3.5;Resource Management Interactions;115
8.3.3.6;NAT & Firewall NSLP;115
8.4;Common Open Policy Service (COPS);117
8.4.1;COPS Overview;117
8.4.2;Basic Model;118
8.4.3;COPS Protocol;119
8.4.3.1;COPS Header;119
8.4.3.2;COPS-Specific Object Formats;120
8.4.4;COPS Messages;121
8.4.5;Common Operation;125
8.4.5.1;Outsourcing Operation;125
8.4.5.2;Configuration Operations;125
8.4.5.3;Security;126
8.4.6;Using Examples: COPS for RSVP;126
8.4.6.1;Unicast Flow Example;126
8.5;Conclusions;128
9;Enhanced Transport Protocols;130
9.1;Introduction;130
9.2;State of the Art of Transport Protocols;131
9.2.1;TCP and UDP;132
9.2.2;TCP Evolution;132
9.2.2.1;TCP Tahoe;133
9.2.2.2;TCP Reno;133
9.2.2.3;TCP Vegas;133
9.2.2.4;TCP New Reno;134
9.2.2.5;TCP Variants for High-Throughput and Wireless Networks;134
9.2.3;SCTP;135
9.2.4;DCCP;136
9.2.5;Discussion;136
9.3;Transport Mechanisms;137
9.3.1;Overview;137
9.3.2;Congestion-Control Mechanisms;138
9.3.2.1;Window-Based Congestion Control;138
9.3.2.2;Rate-Based Congestion Control;139
9.3.3;Reliability Mechanisms;139
9.3.3.1;Automatic Repeat Request;139
9.3.3.2;Flow Control;140
9.3.4;Discussion;141
9.4;Enhanced Transport Protocol Mechanisms;141
9.4.1;TFRC and gTFRC, a QoS-Aware Congestion Control;141
9.4.2;Application-Aware Transport Mechanisms;142
9.4.2.1;Application Profile-Aware Congestion Control;142
9.4.2.2;QoS-Aware Error Control Mechanism;145
9.4.2.2.1;Partially Ordered Service (PO);146
9.4.2.2.2;Partially Reliable Service (PR);147
9.4.2.2.3;Partially Reliable, Differentiated and Time-Constrained ARQ (D-PR & TD-PR);147
9.5;Conclusions;148
10;The EuQoS System;150
10.1;Introduction;151
10.2;Architecture;152
10.2.1;Goals and Requirements;152
10.2.2;Functional Blocks and their Main Functions;153
10.2.3;Control Plane Elements: RM and RA;156
10.2.3.1;Resource Manager Architecture;156
10.2.3.2;Resource Allocator Architecture;157
10.3;Provisioning, Invocation, and Operation, Administration and Management;158
10.3.1;Provisioning Process;159
10.3.1.1;Resource Provisioning;159
10.3.1.1.1;Loose Model;159
10.3.1.1.2;Hard Model;160
10.3.1.2;EQ-BGP: Enhanced QoS Border Gateway Protocol;162
10.3.2;Invocation Process;164
10.3.2.1;Invocation in the Service Plane;164
10.3.2.2;Invocation in the Control Plane;165
10.3.2.3;SomeTimes Per Flow Model;167
10.3.3;Operation, Administration and Management;168
10.4;End-to-End Classes of Service in Heterogeneous Networks;168
10.4.1;End-to-end Classes of Service in EuQoS;169
10.4.2;QoS Mechanisms and Algorithms for Specification of e2e Classes of Service;172
10.4.2.1;Example: Designing CoS with predefined maximum values of parameters IPTD, IPDV and IPLR. The CoS handles the traffic streams with declared PRs.;173
10.4.3;Implementation of e2e Classes of Service in Underlying Technologies;174
10.4.3.1;Interdomain Links;174
10.4.3.2;xDSL;175
10.4.3.3;LAN/Ethernet;175
10.4.3.4;WiFi;176
10.4.3.5;UMTS;177
10.4.3.5.1;Usage of built-in CAC from UMTS;177
10.4.3.5.2;Measurement-Based OpenGGSN CAC;177
10.4.3.6;MPLS (DiffServ-TE);178
10.4.3.7;Satellite;179
10.4.3.7.1;Scheme for Assuring QoS;179
10.5;EuQoS Enhanced Transport Protocol;180
10.5.1;Introduction;180
10.5.2;Enhanced Transport Protocol Services for EuQoS;180
10.5.3;Services for Streaming/Nonstreaming Applications;181
10.5.3.1;Real-Time Classes of Service (Telephony, RT Interactive);181
10.5.3.2;Non-Real Time Classes of Service (MM Streaming, HTD);182
10.5.3.3;Standard Class of Service (Best Effort);182
10.6;Multicast;182
10.6.1;Application Layer Multicast;184
10.6.2;Application Layer Multicast in the EuQoS System;185
10.6.3;Multicast Middleware;187
10.6.4;Introducing QoS to Multicast Middleware;189
10.7;Telemedicine Application;191
10.7.1;Telemedicine-the Case for Application-Driven QoS;191
10.7.2;Overview of Medigraf;192
10.7.3;Medigraf Adaptation to EuQoS;193
10.8;Conclusions;195
11;Summary and Outlook;198
12;Appendix A: Implementing Protocols on Network Simulators;200
12.1;Main Simulation Terms and Concepts;200
12.1.1;Simulation Process;201
12.1.2;Simulation Types;201
12.2;Network Simulation;202
12.2.1;Parallel/Distributed versus Serial Execution of Simulations;202
12.2.2;Packet-Level, Fluid-Based and Hybrid Model Simulation;203
12.2.3;Simulation Speedup;204
12.2.4;Network Simulation in Research;204
12.2.5;Simulation for Education Purposes;205
12.3;Network Simulators;206
12.3.1;GloMoSim and Qualnet;206
12.3.2;JiST/SWANS;206
12.3.3;Scalable Simulation Framework (SSF) and SSFNet;207
12.3.4;OMNeT++ and OMNEST;207
12.4;The Network Simulator ns-2;207
12.4.1;The Language Concept;208
12.4.2;Hierarchical Structure;208
12.4.3;First Steps-Simulation Script Template;209
12.4.4;Nodes, Links and Traffic;210
12.4.5;Wireless Networks;212
12.4.5.1;A Wireless Simulation Scenario;213
12.4.6;Implementing Protocols with ns-2;215
12.4.6.1;Description of QoS-Aware Link State Routing (QLS);215
12.4.6.2;Formal Description of QLS;216
12.4.6.3;Preparations;216
12.4.6.4;Implementing the New Packet Types for QLS;218
12.4.6.5;The Routing Agent-Header File;220
12.4.6.6;The Routing Agent-Source File;222
12.4.6.7;Integration of the New Protocol in ns-2;228
12.4.7;Advice for Running ns-2 Simulations;233
12.4.8;Analysing Methods;234
13;Appendix B: Network Emulation Focusing on QoS-Oriented Satellite Communication;236
13.1;Network Emulation Basics;236
13.1.1;Introduction to Network Emulation;236
13.1.2;What is Network Emulation?;238
13.1.2.1;System Emulation and Virtual Machines;238
13.1.2.2;Network Emulation;240
13.1.3;Why Use Network Emulation?;241
13.1.3.1;Network Emulation at Research and Design Stage;241
13.1.3.2;Network Emulation at Conception and Development Stage;241
13.1.3.3;Network Emulation at Testing and Performance Evaluation Stage;242
13.1.3.4;Network Emulation When Demonstrating Software;242
13.1.4;Requirements for Emulation Systems;242
13.1.4.1;Functional Requirements ;243
13.1.4.2;Requirements on Packet Impairments;244
13.1.5;Network Emulation System Approaches ;245
13.1.5.1;Traffic Shapers ;245
13.1.5.1.1;Centralised Approach;245
13.1.5.1.2;Distributed Approach;246
13.1.5.2;Emulation Models;248
13.1.5.2.1;Emulating QoS Parameters;248
13.1.5.2.2;Virtual Nodes Approach;249
13.1.5.2.3;Trace-Based Approach;250
13.1.5.2.4;Simulation-Based Approach;250
13.1.5.2.5;Active Emulation Approach;252
13.1.5.3;Implementation;253
13.1.5.3.1;User Space Implementation;253
13.1.5.3.2;Kernel Implementation;254
13.1.5.3.3;Hardware Implementation;255
13.2;Case Study: Emulation of QoS-oriented Satellite Communication ;255
13.2.1;Introduction;255
13.2.2;DVB Satellite Communications;255
13.2.3;QoS Support for Satellite Network Systems;257
13.2.4;Emulation of a DVB-S, DVB-RCS Satellite System;258
13.2.4.1;Integration of an Emulated Satellite Link and the EuQoS System;259
13.2.4.2;Active Emulation of DVB-RCS Access Scheme;261
13.2.4.2.1;Impairment Framework and Emulation Control;261
13.2.4.3;Emulation Details of the Satellite System in EuQoS Architecture;263
13.2.4.3.1;Emulation of the Satellite Forward Link;263
13.2.4.3.2;Emulation of the Satellite Return Link;264
13.3;Conclusions;266
14;References;268
15;Index;280mehr

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