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Pediatric Thoracic Surgery

E-BookPDF1 - PDF WatermarkE-Book
616 Seiten
Englisch
Springer Londonerschienen am26.03.20092009
This text covers new innovations and concepts in pediatric thoracic surgery practice, basic science and evidence, and the technical aspects of common and rare operative procedures.

It is essential for pediatric surgical trainees and consultants with interest in pediatric thoracic surgery. Providing comprehensive coverage of newer developments, it is also a useful reference work for pediatric and thoracic surgeons and a valuable guide for surgeons (adult or pediatric) managing pediatric thoracic surgery on occasional basis or only during acute emergency.Covering the subjects within pediatric thoracic surgery (non-cardiac) in significant depth, this book acts as a reference text for consultants undertaking pediatric thoracic work as well as for pediatric respiratory, anesthetists and fetal medicine doctors. Topics within this book will also be of interest to pediatric respiratory physicians and pediatric oncologists.



Mr Dakshesh H Parikh is Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and Lead Clinician in the Trauma Service, Paediatric Thoracic Service and The Minimal Access Surgery - Laparoscopy/ Thoracoscopy Service at The Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, UK.
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Produkt

KlappentextThis text covers new innovations and concepts in pediatric thoracic surgery practice, basic science and evidence, and the technical aspects of common and rare operative procedures.

It is essential for pediatric surgical trainees and consultants with interest in pediatric thoracic surgery. Providing comprehensive coverage of newer developments, it is also a useful reference work for pediatric and thoracic surgeons and a valuable guide for surgeons (adult or pediatric) managing pediatric thoracic surgery on occasional basis or only during acute emergency.Covering the subjects within pediatric thoracic surgery (non-cardiac) in significant depth, this book acts as a reference text for consultants undertaking pediatric thoracic work as well as for pediatric respiratory, anesthetists and fetal medicine doctors. Topics within this book will also be of interest to pediatric respiratory physicians and pediatric oncologists.



Mr Dakshesh H Parikh is Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and Lead Clinician in the Trauma Service, Paediatric Thoracic Service and The Minimal Access Surgery - Laparoscopy/ Thoracoscopy Service at The Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, UK.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781848009035
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark
FormatE107
Erscheinungsjahr2009
Erscheinungsdatum26.03.2009
Auflage2009
Seiten616 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
IllustrationenXVI, 616 p.
Artikel-Nr.1440603
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Pediatric Thoracic Surgery;2
1.1;Title Page;3
1.2;Copyright Page;4
1.3;Foreword;5
1.4;Preface;6
1.5;Contents;7
1.6;Contributors;11
1.7;Part I: Fundamental Considerations;15
1.7.1;Chapter 1;16
1.7.1.1;Applied Anatomy;16
1.7.1.1.1;Introduction;16
1.7.1.1.2;Historical perspective;16
1.7.1.1.3;Thoracic skeleton;16
1.7.1.1.3.1;Sternum;16
1.7.1.1.3.2;Ribs;16
1.7.1.1.3.2.1;Surgical anatomy;16
1.7.1.1.3.3;Cervical ribs;17
1.7.1.1.3.4;Clavicle;17
1.7.1.1.3.5;Thoracic vertebrae;17
1.7.1.1.4;Thoracic wall;17
1.7.1.1.4.1;Intercostal space;17
1.7.1.1.4.2;Muscles and fasciae of the chest wall;19
1.7.1.1.4.3;Suprapleural membrane (Sibson´s fascia);19
1.7.1.1.4.4;Endothoracic fascia;19
1.7.1.1.5;The diaphragm;19
1.7.1.1.5.1;The openings of the diaphragm;20
1.7.1.1.5.2;Surgical incisions in the diaphragm;20
1.7.1.1.5.2.1;The mediastinum;21
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.1;Superior mediastinum;21
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.2;Trachea;21
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.3;Surgical anatomy;21
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.4;Phrenic nerve;22
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.5;Vagus nerve;22
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.6;Thymus glan;22
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.7;Middle mediastinum;23
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.7.1;Left pulmonary hilum (Figs. 1.3, 1.5, 1.6);23
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.7.2;Right pulmonary hilum (Figs. 1.4 - 1.6);23
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.8;Pericardium;25
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.9;Posterior mediastinum;25
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.9.1;Descending aorta;25
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.9.2;Esophagus ;25
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.10;Lymphatics of the thorax;26
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.10.1;Thoracic duct;26
1.7.1.1.5.2.1.10.2;Azygos veins;27
1.7.1.1.5.2.2;Thoracic sympathetic chain;27
1.7.1.1.5.2.3;Pleura;28
1.7.1.1.6;The lungs27;28
1.7.1.1.6.1;Right upper lobe;28
1.7.1.1.6.2;Right middle lobe;29
1.7.1.1.6.3;Right lower lobe;29
1.7.1.1.6.4;Left upper lobe;29
1.7.1.1.6.5;Left Lower Lobe;30
1.7.1.1.6.6;Further Reading;30
1.7.1.1.7;References;30
1.7.2;Chapter 2;31
1.7.2.1;Developmental Biology and Embryology of the Thorax;31
1.7.2.1.1;Introduction;31
1.7.2.1.2;Developmental Biology;31
1.7.2.1.3;Evolution;32
1.7.2.1.3.1;Overlapping Hox Genes Specify the Different Thoracic Vertebrae and Ribs;32
1.7.2.1.4;The Foregut;32
1.7.2.1.4.1;The Origins of the Foregut Endoderm;32
1.7.2.1.4.2;Products of the Foregut Endoderm;33
1.7.2.1.4.3;The Airways and Blood Vessels;33
1.7.2.1.5;Foregut Septation;33
1.7.2.1.5.1;The Laryngotracheal Groove;33
1.7.2.1.5.2;After Normal Separation;34
1.7.2.1.5.3;Septation Failure as a Cause of EA/TEF;34
1.7.2.1.6;Lung Development;34
1.7.2.1.6.1;Histological Phases of Lung Development;34
1.7.2.1.6.2;Genes Involved in Foregut and Lung Development;34
1.7.2.1.7;The Diaphragm;35
1.7.2.1.7.1;Animal Models of CDH;35
1.7.2.1.7.2;Genetic Associations;35
1.7.2.1.8;Left-Right Asymmetry in the Chest;36
1.7.2.1.9;Surfactant Deficiency;36
1.7.2.1.10;Cystic Fibrosis;36
1.7.2.1.11;References;37
1.7.2.1.12;Further Reading;37
1.7.3;Chapter 3;38
1.7.3.1;Applied Physiology and Pulmonary Function Testing;38
1.7.3.1.1;Introduction;38
1.7.3.1.2;Measurements of Respiratory Function;38
1.7.3.1.3;Measurements of Spirometry;38
1.7.3.1.3.1;Equipment;38
1.7.3.1.3.2;Procedure;39
1.7.3.1.3.3;Indices Derived from Spirometry;39
1.7.3.1.3.4;Interpretation;39
1.7.3.1.3.5;Application;41
1.7.3.1.4;Measurements of Lung Volumes;41
1.7.3.1.4.1;Equipment and Procedure for Plethysmographic Measurement of Lung Volume;41
1.7.3.1.4.2;Equipment and Procedure for Lung Volume Measurement by Gas Dilution;42
1.7.3.1.4.2.1;Indices;43
1.7.3.1.4.2.2;Interpretation;43
1.7.3.1.4.2.3;Application;44
1.7.3.1.5;Measurements of Ventilatory Efficiency;44
1.7.3.1.5.1;Equipment;44
1.7.3.1.5.2;Procedure;44
1.7.3.1.5.3;Indices;44
1.7.3.1.5.4;Interpretation and Application;44
1.7.3.1.6;Maximum Respiratory Pressures;44
1.7.3.1.6.1;Equipment and Procedure for Measuring Maximal Respiratory Pressures at the Mouth;45
1.7.3.1.6.2;Equipment and Procedure for Measuring Sniff Pressure;46
1.7.3.1.6.3;Indices;46
1.7.3.1.6.4;Interpretation;46
1.7.3.1.6.5;Application;46
1.7.3.1.7;Contribution of Respiratory Function Tests;46
1.7.3.1.8;Conclusions;48
1.7.3.1.9;References;48
1.7.4;Chapter 4;51
1.7.4.1;Radiology of the Chest;51
1.7.4.1.1;Introduction;51
1.7.4.1.1.1;Requesting Imaging;51
1.7.4.1.1.2;Care of the Patient;51
1.7.4.1.1.3;Risks Associated with Ionizing Radiation;51
1.7.4.1.1.4;Use of Contrast Media;51
1.7.4.1.2;Imaging Modalities;52
1.7.4.1.2.1;Radiography;52
1.7.4.1.2.2;Fluoroscopy;52
1.7.4.1.2.3;Ultrasound Imaging;52
1.7.4.1.2.4;Computed Tomography;53
1.7.4.1.2.5;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;54
1.7.4.1.2.6;Radionuclide Imaging;55
1.7.4.1.3;Interpretation of the Pediatric Chest X-Ray;55
1.7.4.1.3.1;Preliminary Steps;55
1.7.4.1.3.2;Pattern Recognition;56
1.7.4.1.3.2.1;Trachea, Main Bronchi, and Hilar Regions;56
1.7.4.1.3.2.2;The Superior Mediastinum;57
1.7.4.1.3.2.3;The Heart and Great Vessels;58
1.7.4.1.3.2.4;Lungs/Pleural Cavities;58
1.7.4.1.3.2.4.1;Pleural Fluid;59
1.7.4.1.3.2.4.2;Tumor;60
1.7.4.1.3.2.4.3;Increased Translucency;60
1.7.4.1.3.2.4.4;Air Leaks;61
1.7.4.1.3.2.4.5;Pulmonary Masses and Nodules;62
1.7.4.1.3.2.4.6;Ring Shadows;62
1.7.4.1.3.2.4.7;Diaphragms;63
1.7.4.1.3.2.5;Thoracic Skeleton and Soft Tissues;63
1.7.4.1.4;References;65
1.7.5;Chapter 5;67
1.7.5.1;Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery;67
1.7.5.1.1;Introduction;67
1.7.5.1.2;Historical Perspective;67
1.7.5.1.3;Anatomical and Physiological Considerations in the Neonate;68
1.7.5.1.4;Physiology of Single-Lung Ventilation;69
1.7.5.1.4.1;Lateral decubitus Position: Adults;69
1.7.5.1.4.2;Lateral decubitus position: Children;70
1.7.5.1.5;Investigations;70
1.7.5.1.5.1;Chest Roentgenogram;70
1.7.5.1.5.2;Computed Tomography;70
1.7.5.1.5.3;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;71
1.7.5.1.5.4;Thoracic Sonography;71
1.7.5.1.5.5;Bronchoscopy;71
1.7.5.1.5.6;Bronchography;71
1.7.5.1.5.7;Echocardiography;71
1.7.5.1.5.8;Angiography;71
1.7.5.1.5.9;Pulmonary Function Tests;71
1.7.5.1.6;Management of Anesthesia;72
1.7.5.1.6.1;Monitoring;72
1.7.5.1.6.2;Single-Lung Ventilation;72
1.7.5.1.6.3;Postoperative Analgesia;74
1.7.5.1.7;Specific Procedures;75
1.7.5.1.7.1;Rigid Bronchoscopy;75
1.7.5.1.7.2;Flexible Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy;76
1.7.5.1.8;Conditions in Neonates and Infants;76
1.7.5.1.8.1;Tracheoesophageal Fistula;76
1.7.5.1.8.2;Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia;77
1.7.5.1.8.2.1;Subglottic Stenosis;77
1.7.5.1.8.2.2;Pulmonary Sequestration;77
1.7.5.1.8.2.3;Congenital Cystic Lung Lesions;77
1.7.5.1.8.2.4;Congenital Lobar Emphysema;77
1.7.5.1.9;Infection;77
1.7.5.1.10;Anterior Mediastinal Mass;78
1.7.5.1.10.1;Anesthetic Considerations;78
1.7.5.1.11;Thoracic Trauma;79
1.7.5.1.11.1;Anesthetic Considerations;79
1.7.5.1.12;Thymectomy;80
1.7.5.1.12.1;Anesthetic Considerations;80
1.7.5.1.13;Nuss Procedure;81
1.7.5.1.14;References;81
1.7.6;Chapter 6;85
1.7.6.1;Thoracoscopic Surgery;85
1.7.6.1.1;Introduction;85
1.7.6.1.2;Indications;85
1.7.6.1.3;Preoperative Workup;85
1.7.6.1.4;Anesthetic Considerations;86
1.7.6.1.5;Positioning;87
1.7.6.1.6;Trocar Placement;88
1.7.6.1.7;Instrumentation;88
1.7.6.1.8;Postoperative Care;89
1.7.6.1.9;Conclusions;89
1.7.6.1.10;References;89
1.7.7;Chapter 7;91
1.7.7.1;Thoracic Incisions and Operative Approaches;91
1.7.7.1.1;Introduction;91
1.7.7.1.2;Historical Perspective;91
1.7.7.1.3;General Considerations;91
1.7.7.1.4;Thoracic Incisions;92
1.7.7.1.4.1;Posterolateral Thoracotomy;92
1.7.7.1.4.2;Limited (Mini) Thoracotomy: Muscle-Sparing Incisions;93
1.7.7.1.4.3;Axillary Thoracotomy;94
1.7.7.1.4.4;Median Sternotomy;94
1.7.7.1.4.5;Thoracoabdominal Incisions;95
1.7.7.1.5;Intercostal Chest Tube Insertion and Management;95
1.7.7.1.5.1;Chest Drain: Ward Management;97
1.7.7.1.6;General Techniques for Pulmonary Resection;97
1.7.7.1.6.1;Dissection and Control of Major Arteries and Veins;98
1.7.7.1.6.2;Dissection and Control of Major Bronchi;98
1.7.7.1.6.3;Raw Surface of the Lung;98
1.7.7.1.7;Lobectomy;98
1.7.7.1.7.1;Specific Technical Considerations;99
1.7.7.1.8;Segmental Resection;101
1.7.7.1.9;Pneumonectomy;101
1.7.7.1.10;Complications;101
1.7.7.1.10.1;Intraoperative Complications and Their Management;101
1.7.7.1.10.2;Postoperative Complications;102
1.7.7.1.11;References;102
1.8;Part II: Infection;103
1.8.1;Chapter 8;104
1.8.1.1;Pneumonia;104
1.8.1.1.1;Introduction;104
1.8.1.1.2;Historical Perspective;104
1.8.1.1.3;Basic Science and Pathogenesis;104
1.8.1.1.3.1;Etiology;104
1.8.1.1.3.2;Epidemiology;104
1.8.1.1.4;Clinical Features;104
1.8.1.1.4.1;Neonatal Period;104
1.8.1.1.4.2;Older Children;105
1.8.1.1.4.3;Pneumonia Presenting with Acute Abdominal Pain;105
1.8.1.1.4.4;Immunocompromised Children;106
1.8.1.1.4.5;Children with Sickle Cell Disease;107
1.8.1.1.4.6;Postoperative Children;107
1.8.1.1.4.7;Unusual Organisms: Actinomycoses, PVL producing MRSA;108
1.8.1.1.4.8;Children with Neurodisability;108
1.8.1.1.4.9;Children with Tracheostomies;108
1.8.1.1.5;Diagnosis;109
1.8.1.1.5.1;Pulse Oximetry;109
1.8.1.1.5.2;Acute Phase Reactants;109
1.8.1.1.5.3;Blood Cultures;109
1.8.1.1.5.4;Sputum Culture;109
1.8.1.1.5.5;Nasopharyngeal Aspirates;109
1.8.1.1.5.6;Serology;109
1.8.1.1.5.7;Other;109
1.8.1.1.6;Radiology;109
1.8.1.1.6.1;In a Child less than 5 Years with Pyrexia of Unknown Origin;109
1.8.1.1.6.2;In Children Presenting with Clinical Signs Suggestive of Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion/Empyema;109
1.8.1.1.6.3;In Children Admitted for Treatment of Pneumonia Where There Is No Clinical Improvement After 48 h antibiotic Therapy;110
1.8.1.1.6.4;As Follow-Up in Children Who Have Had Lobar Collapse;110
1.8.1.1.6.5;In Children with Any History Suggestive of an Inhaled Foreign Body;110
1.8.1.1.7;Differential Diagnosis;110
1.8.1.1.7.1;Bronchiolitis;110
1.8.1.1.7.2;Inhaled Foreign Body;110
1.8.1.1.7.3;Empyema;110
1.8.1.1.8;Management;110
1.8.1.1.8.1;Criteria for Admission;110
1.8.1.1.8.2;Monitoring;111
1.8.1.1.8.3;Oxygen;111
1.8.1.1.8.4;Fluid Management;111
1.8.1.1.8.5;Antipyretics;111
1.8.1.1.8.6;Physiotherapy;111
1.8.1.1.8.7;Antibiotic Therapy;111
1.8.1.1.8.8;Antibiotic Resistance;111
1.8.1.1.8.9;Route of Administration;111
1.8.1.1.8.10;Duration of Antibiotic Treatment;111
1.8.1.1.8.11;Criteria for Transfer to Intensive Care;112
1.8.1.1.9;Complications;112
1.8.1.1.9.1;Bronchiectasis;112
1.8.1.1.9.2;Pneumatoceles;112
1.8.1.1.10;Siadh;112
1.8.1.1.10.1;Pericarditis;112
1.8.1.1.10.2;Bronchiolitis Obliterans;112
1.8.1.1.10.3;Extrapulmonary Inflammatory Complications Following Mycoplasma Pneumonia;112
1.8.1.1.11;Rare and Usual Cases;113
1.8.1.1.11.1;When to Suspect Congenital Abnormality;113
1.8.1.1.11.2;When to Consider Immunodeficiency, Cystic Fibrosis, or Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia;113
1.8.1.1.12;Controversies;114
1.8.1.1.12.1;When is Treatment Indicated?;114
1.8.1.1.12.2;Aspiration as an Etiological Factor;114
1.8.1.1.12.3;Duration of Treatment;114
1.8.1.1.12.4;Investigations;114
1.8.1.1.13;Prognosis and Long-Term Outcome;114
1.8.1.1.14;Conclusions and Future Perspective;114
1.8.1.1.15;References;115
1.8.2;Chapter 9;118
1.8.2.1;Empyema Thoracis;118
1.8.2.1.1;Introduction;118
1.8.2.1.2;Historical Perspective;118
1.8.2.1.3;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;118
1.8.2.1.3.1;Etiology;118
1.8.2.1.3.2;Pathogenesis;119
1.8.2.1.3.2.1;Stage I: Exudative Phase;119
1.8.2.1.3.2.2;Stage II: Fibropurulent Phase;120
1.8.2.1.3.2.3;Stage III: Organization Phase;120
1.8.2.1.3.2.3.1;Pneumatocele and Necrotizing Pneumonia;120
1.8.2.1.3.2.3.2;Extrapulmonary Complications;120
1.8.2.1.3.3;Microbiology;120
1.8.2.1.4;Clinical Features;121
1.8.2.1.4.1;Clinical History;121
1.8.2.1.4.2;Physical Examination;121
1.8.2.1.5;Diagnosis;122
1.8.2.1.5.1;Investigations;122
1.8.2.1.5.1.1;Acute Phase Reactants;122
1.8.2.1.5.1.2;Biochemistry, Hematology, and Coagulation Studies;122
1.8.2.1.5.2;Microbiology;122
1.8.2.1.5.3;Diagnostic Pleural Aspiration;122
1.8.2.1.5.4;Radiology;122
1.8.2.1.5.5;Bronchoscopy;124
1.8.2.1.5.6;Differential Diagnosis;124
1.8.2.1.5.6.1;Intrathoracic Tumors Presenting as Empyema;124
1.8.2.1.6;Management;125
1.8.2.1.6.1;Medical Management;125
1.8.2.1.6.2;Antibiotics;125
1.8.2.1.6.3;Pleural Aspiration;125
1.8.2.1.6.4;Surgical Management;126
1.8.2.1.6.5;Intercostal Tube Drainage and Fibrinolytics;126
1.8.2.1.6.6;Technique: Intercostal Chest Tube Drainage;126
1.8.2.1.6.7;Intrapleural Fibrinolytic Agents;127
1.8.2.1.6.8;Early Surgery;128
1.8.2.1.6.9;Minithoracotomy and Debridement;128
1.8.2.1.6.10;Technique of Minithoracotomy and Debridement;129
1.8.2.1.6.11;Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) Debridement;129
1.8.2.1.6.12;Technique of VATS Debridement;129
1.8.2.1.6.13;Thoracotomy and Decortication;130
1.8.2.1.6.14;Technique of Decortication;130
1.8.2.1.6.15;Thoracoplasty;130
1.8.2.1.6.16;Management of Complex Empyemas;130
1.8.2.1.6.16.1;Empyema with Lung Abscess and Necrotizing Pneumonia;130
1.8.2.1.6.17;Bronchopleural Fistula and Pyopneumothorax;131
1.8.2.1.6.18;Serratus Anterior Myoplastic Flap Technique;131
1.8.2.1.6.19;Bilateral Empyema;132
1.8.2.1.6.19.1;Secondary Empyema;132
1.8.2.1.6.19.2;Outpatient Follow-Up After Empyema;132
1.8.2.1.7;Conclusion and Future Perspective;132
1.8.2.1.8;References;132
1.8.3;Chapter 10;137
1.8.3.1;Pulmonary Tuberculosis;137
1.8.3.1.1;Introduction;137
1.8.3.1.2;Epidemiology;137
1.8.3.1.3;Historical Perspective;137
1.8.3.1.4;Basic science;138
1.8.3.1.4.1;Etiology;138
1.8.3.1.4.2;Epidemiology;138
1.8.3.1.4.3;Spread;138
1.8.3.1.4.4;The pyramid of childhood tuberculosis;138
1.8.3.1.4.5;Microbiology;139
1.8.3.1.4.6;Pathogenesis;139
1.8.3.1.5;Clinical features;141
1.8.3.1.6;Diagnosis;141
1.8.3.1.7;Investigations;141
1.8.3.1.7.1;Tuberculin sensitivity testing;141
1.8.3.1.7.2;Hematological investigations;142
1.8.3.1.7.3;Microbiological Investigations;142
1.8.3.1.7.4;Newer Diagnostic Techniques;142
1.8.3.1.7.5;Radiology;142
1.8.3.1.8;Differential Diagnosis;143
1.8.3.1.9;Management;143
1.8.3.1.9.1;Medical Management:;143
1.8.3.1.9.2;Anti-tuberculosis Drugs;144
1.8.3.1.9.3;General principles of antituberculous therapy;144
1.8.3.1.9.4;Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course;144
1.8.3.1.9.5;Corticosteroids;145
1.8.3.1.9.6;Evaluation during treatment;145
1.8.3.1.9.7;Evaluation at the end of treatment;145
1.8.3.1.10;Medical management of special cases;145
1.8.3.1.11;Surgical Management;146
1.8.3.1.11.1;Technical aspects of TB surgery;147
1.8.3.1.12;Prevention of tuberculosis;147
1.8.3.1.12.1;BCG Vaccine;147
1.8.3.1.13;Tuberculosis in children with HIV;147
1.8.3.1.14;Multi drug resistant TB;148
1.8.3.1.15;Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis;148
1.8.3.1.15.1;Clinical features;148
1.8.3.1.16;MOTT pulmonary disease;148
1.8.3.1.16.1;Management;148
1.8.3.1.17;Future Perspective;149
1.8.3.1.18;References;150
1.8.4;Chapter 11;152
1.8.4.1;Lung Abscess;152
1.8.4.1.1;Introduction;152
1.8.4.1.2;Historical Perspective;152
1.8.4.1.3;Pathogenesis;153
1.8.4.1.3.1;Etiology;153
1.8.4.1.3.2;Pathophysiology;154
1.8.4.1.3.3;Microbiology;155
1.8.4.1.4;Clinical Features;155
1.8.4.1.5;Diagnosis;156
1.8.4.1.5.1;Investigations;156
1.8.4.1.5.1.1;Radiology;156
1.8.4.1.5.1.2;Microbiology;157
1.8.4.1.5.1.3;Other Investigations;157
1.8.4.1.5.1.4;Differential Diagnosis;157
1.8.4.1.6;Management;157
1.8.4.1.6.1;Medical Management;157
1.8.4.1.6.2;Surgical Management;158
1.8.4.1.6.2.1;Indications for Surgical Intervention;158
1.8.4.1.6.3;Anesthetic Considerations;158
1.8.4.1.6.4;Surgical Considerations;159
1.8.4.1.6.5;Nosocomial Pneumonia and Lung Abscess;160
1.8.4.1.7;Lung Abscess in the HIV-Infected Patient;162
1.8.4.1.8;Morbidity and Mortality;163
1.8.4.1.9;Conclusion and Future Perspective;163
1.8.4.1.10;References;164
1.8.5;Chapter 12;167
1.8.5.1;Pulmonary Hydatid Disease;167
1.8.5.1.1;Introduction;167
1.8.5.1.1.1;Historical Perspective;167
1.8.5.1.1.2;Incidence;167
1.8.5.1.1.3;Pathogenesis;167
1.8.5.1.1.4;Control Programs;168
1.8.5.1.1.5;Clinical Features;168
1.8.5.1.1.6;Investigations;168
1.8.5.1.1.7;Management;170
1.8.5.1.1.7.1;Medical Treatment;170
1.8.5.1.1.7.2;Conservative Management;170
1.8.5.1.1.7.3;Surgical Management;170
1.8.5.1.1.8;Intact Cysts;170
1.8.5.1.1.9;Multiple Pulmonary Cysts;171
1.8.5.1.1.10;Rupture into the bronchial tree;172
1.8.5.1.1.11;Rupture into the Pleura;172
1.8.5.1.2;Summary;172
1.8.5.1.3;References;172
1.8.6;Chapter 13;174
1.8.6.1;Bronchiectasis;174
1.8.6.1.1;Introduction;174
1.8.6.1.2;Historical Perspective;174
1.8.6.1.3;Pathogenesis;175
1.8.6.1.3.1;Etiology;175
1.8.6.1.3.2;Pathophysiology;176
1.8.6.1.4;Clinical Features;178
1.8.6.1.5;Diagnosis;178
1.8.6.1.5.1;Investigations;178
1.8.6.1.6;Management;180
1.8.6.1.6.1;Medical Management;180
1.8.6.1.6.1.1;Prevention;180
1.8.6.1.6.1.2;Management of the Cause;180
1.8.6.1.6.1.3;Management of the Bronchiectasis;180
1.8.6.1.6.1.4;Other Agents;181
1.8.6.1.6.2;Surgical Management;181
1.8.6.1.6.2.1;Principles;181
1.8.6.1.6.2.2;Preoperative Preparations;181
1.8.6.1.6.2.3;Anesthetic Considerations;181
1.8.6.1.6.2.4;Surgical Technical Considerations;182
1.8.6.1.7;Morbidity and Mortality;182
1.8.6.1.8;Future Perspective;182
1.8.6.1.9;References;183
1.8.7;Chapter 14;184
1.8.7.1;Chronic Pleuro-Pulmonary and Chest Wall Infections;184
1.8.7.1.1;Introduction;184
1.8.7.1.2;Historical Perspective;184
1.8.7.1.3;Chronic Pleuropulmonary Infections;185
1.8.7.1.3.1;Fungal Infections;185
1.8.7.1.3.2;Histoplasmosis;185
1.8.7.1.3.3;Coccidioidomycosis;187
1.8.7.1.3.4;Blastomycosis;187
1.8.7.1.3.5;Aspergillosis;187
1.8.7.1.3.5.1;Aspergilloma;187
1.8.7.1.3.5.2;Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis;188
1.8.7.1.3.5.3;Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis;189
1.8.7.1.3.5.4;Chronic Necrotizing Aspergillosis;189
1.8.7.1.3.6;Pulmonary Candidiasis;189
1.8.7.1.3.7;Actinomycosis;189
1.8.7.1.3.8;Nocardiosis;190
1.8.7.1.4;Parasitic Infections;190
1.8.7.1.4.1;Pleuropulmonary Amebiasis;190
1.8.7.1.4.1.1;Management;190
1.8.7.1.4.2;Ascariasis;190
1.8.7.1.4.2.1;Management;191
1.8.7.1.4.3;Paragonimiasis;191
1.8.7.1.4.4;Eosinophilic Pneumonia;191
1.8.7.1.4.4.1;Management;191
1.8.7.1.5;Chronic Pulmonary Infections with Underlying Pathology;191
1.8.7.1.5.1;Late presenting inhaled foreign body;191
1.8.7.1.5.1.1;Management;192
1.8.7.1.5.2;Late Infective Complications of Congenital Lung Malformations;192
1.8.7.1.5.3;Lung Resection in the Presence of Chronic Infection;193
1.8.7.1.5.4;Bony Chest Wall Infections;193
1.8.7.1.6;References;193
1.9;Part III: Trauma;196
1.9.1;Chapter 15;197
1.9.1.1;Thoracic Trauma. General Considerations;197
1.9.1.1.1;Introduction;197
1.9.1.1.2;Historical Perspective;197
1.9.1.1.3;Physiology;197
1.9.1.1.4;The Pediatric Thorax;198
1.9.1.1.5;Incidence;198
1.9.1.1.6;Mechanisms;199
1.9.1.1.7;Injury Types;199
1.9.1.1.8;Associated Injuries;200
1.9.1.1.9;Mortality;200
1.9.1.1.10;Initial Management;200
1.9.1.1.10.1;Prehospital;200
1.9.1.1.10.2;Emergency Department;200
1.9.1.1.11;Conclusion;201
1.9.1.1.12;References;201
1.9.2;Chapter 16;203
1.9.2.1;Blunt Thoracic Trauma;203
1.9.2.1.1;Introduction;203
1.9.2.1.2;Chest Wall Injury;204
1.9.2.1.2.1;Rib and Sternal Fractures;204
1.9.2.1.2.2;Diagnosis;204
1.9.2.1.2.2.1;Clinical Examination;204
1.9.2.1.2.2.2;Investigations;205
1.9.2.1.2.3;Management;205
1.9.2.1.2.4;Complications;205
1.9.2.1.3;Pulmonary Contusion;205
1.9.2.1.3.1;Diagnosis;205
1.9.2.1.3.1.1;Clinical Examination;205
1.9.2.1.3.1.2;Investigations;205
1.9.2.1.3.2;Management;206
1.9.2.1.3.3;Complications;206
1.9.2.1.4;Pulmonary Laceration;206
1.9.2.1.4.1;Diagnosis;207
1.9.2.1.4.1.1;Clinical Examination;207
1.9.2.1.4.1.2;Investigations;207
1.9.2.1.4.2;Management;207
1.9.2.1.4.3;Complications;207
1.9.2.1.5;Pulmonary Hematoma;207
1.9.2.1.5.1;Diagnosis;207
1.9.2.1.5.1.1;Clinical Examination;207
1.9.2.1.5.1.2;Investigations;207
1.9.2.1.5.2;Complications;207
1.9.2.1.6;Simple Pneumothorax;207
1.9.2.1.6.1;Diagnosis;208
1.9.2.1.6.1.1;Clinical Examination;208
1.9.2.1.6.1.2;Investigations;208
1.9.2.1.6.2;Management;208
1.9.2.1.6.3;Complications;208
1.9.2.1.7;Tension Pneumothorax;208
1.9.2.1.7.1;Diagnosis;209
1.9.2.1.7.1.1;Clinical Examination;209
1.9.2.1.7.1.2;Investigations;209
1.9.2.1.7.2;Management;209
1.9.2.1.7.3;Complications;209
1.9.2.1.8;Hemothorax;209
1.9.2.1.8.1;Clinical Examination;209
1.9.2.1.8.2;Investigations;210
1.9.2.1.8.2.1;Management;210
1.9.2.1.8.2.2;Complications;210
1.9.2.1.9;Traumatic Asphyxiation;210
1.9.2.1.9.1;Diagnosis;211
1.9.2.1.9.1.1;Clinical Examination;211
1.9.2.1.9.1.2;Investigations;211
1.9.2.1.9.2;Management;211
1.9.2.1.9.3;Complications;211
1.9.2.1.10;Cardiac Injury;211
1.9.2.1.10.1;Pericardial Tamponade;211
1.9.2.1.10.2;Diagnosis;211
1.9.2.1.10.2.1;Clinical Examination;211
1.9.2.1.10.2.2;Investigations;211
1.9.2.1.10.3;Management;211
1.9.2.1.10.4;Complications;212
1.9.2.1.11;Myocardial Contusion;212
1.9.2.1.11.1;Diagnosis;212
1.9.2.1.11.1.1;Clinical Examination;212
1.9.2.1.11.1.2;Investigations;212
1.9.2.1.11.2;Management;212
1.9.2.1.12;Great Vessel Injury;212
1.9.2.1.12.1;Diagnosis;212
1.9.2.1.12.1.1;Clinical Examination;212
1.9.2.1.12.1.2;Investigations;212
1.9.2.1.12.2;Management;213
1.9.2.1.13;Diaphragmatic Rupture;213
1.9.2.1.13.1;Diagnosis;213
1.9.2.1.13.1.1;Clinical Examination;213
1.9.2.1.13.1.2;Investigations;213
1.9.2.1.13.2;Management;213
1.9.2.1.13.3;Complications;213
1.9.2.1.14;Esophageal Injury;214
1.9.2.1.14.1;Diagnosis;214
1.9.2.1.14.1.1;Clinical Examination;214
1.9.2.1.14.1.2;Investigations;214
1.9.2.1.14.2;Management;214
1.9.2.1.14.3;Complications;214
1.9.2.1.15;References;214
1.9.3;Chapter 17;217
1.9.3.1;Penetrating Thoracic Trauma;217
1.9.3.1.1;Introduction;217
1.9.3.1.2;Open Pneumothorax;218
1.9.3.1.2.1;Diagnosis;219
1.9.3.1.2.1.1;Clinical Examination;219
1.9.3.1.2.1.2;Investigations;219
1.9.3.1.2.2;Management;219
1.9.3.1.2.3;Complications;219
1.9.3.1.3;Hemothorax;219
1.9.3.1.3.1;Diagnosis;220
1.9.3.1.3.1.1;Clinical Examination;220
1.9.3.1.3.1.1.1;Investigations;220
1.9.3.1.3.2;Management;220
1.9.3.1.3.3;Complications;220
1.9.3.1.4;Tracheobronchial Injuries;220
1.9.3.1.4.1;Diagnosis;221
1.9.3.1.4.1.1;Clinical Examination;221
1.9.3.1.4.1.2;Investigations;221
1.9.3.1.4.2;Management;221
1.9.3.1.4.3;Complications;222
1.9.3.1.5;Esophageal Injury;222
1.9.3.1.5.1;Diagnosis;222
1.9.3.1.5.1.1;Clinical Examination;222
1.9.3.1.5.1.2;Investigations;222
1.9.3.1.5.2;Management;222
1.9.3.1.5.3;Complications;222
1.9.3.1.6;Pericardial Tamponade;222
1.9.3.1.6.1;Diagnosis;223
1.9.3.1.6.1.1;Clinical Examination;223
1.9.3.1.6.1.2;Investigations;223
1.9.3.1.6.2;Management;223
1.9.3.1.6.3;Complications;223
1.9.3.1.7;Cardiac Laceration;223
1.9.3.1.7.1;Diagnosis;223
1.9.3.1.7.1.1;Clinical Examination;223
1.9.3.1.7.1.2;Investigations;223
1.9.3.1.7.2;Management;223
1.9.3.1.7.3;Complications;224
1.9.3.1.8;Great Vessel Injuries;224
1.9.3.1.8.1;Diagnosis;224
1.9.3.1.8.1.1;Clinical Examination;224
1.9.3.1.8.1.2;Investigations;224
1.9.3.1.8.2;Management;224
1.9.3.1.8.3;Complications;224
1.9.3.1.9;Thoracic Duct Injury;224
1.9.3.1.9.1;Diagnosis;225
1.9.3.1.9.1.1;Clinical Examination;225
1.9.3.1.9.1.2;Investigations;225
1.9.3.1.9.2;Management;225
1.9.3.1.9.3;Complications;225
1.9.3.1.10;Conclusion;225
1.9.3.1.11;References;225
1.10;Part IV: Tumours;226
1.10.1;Chapter 18;227
1.10.1.1;Anterior Mediastinal Tumors;227
1.10.1.1.1;Embryologic and Anatomic Features of the Anterior Mediastinum;227
1.10.1.1.2;Classification;227
1.10.1.1.3;Clinical Features;227
1.10.1.1.4;Diagnostic Tests;227
1.10.1.1.5;Principles of Management;228
1.10.1.1.5.1;Lymphoid Tissue Tumors;228
1.10.1.1.5.1.1;Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL);228
1.10.1.1.5.1.2;Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL);229
1.10.1.1.5.2;Germ Cell Tumors;229
1.10.1.1.5.2.1;Teratomas;229
1.10.1.1.5.2.2;Non-Teratomatous Germ Cell Tumors;231
1.10.1.1.5.3;Tumors and Cysts of the Thymus;231
1.10.1.1.5.3.1;Thymic Hyperplasia;231
1.10.1.1.5.3.2;Thymic Cysts;231
1.10.1.1.5.3.3;Malignant Thymic Tumors;231
1.10.1.1.5.4;Vascular Tumors and Anomalies;231
1.10.1.1.5.4.1;Vascular Tumors;231
1.10.1.1.5.4.2;Vascular Malformations;231
1.10.1.1.5.5;Other rare Anterior Mediastinal Tumors;232
1.10.1.1.6;References;233
1.10.2;Chapter 19;236
1.10.2.1;Posterior Mediastinal Tumors;236
1.10.2.1.1;Introduction;236
1.10.2.1.2;Neuroblastoma;236
1.10.2.1.2.1;Introduction;236
1.10.2.1.3;Historical Perspective;236
1.10.2.1.3.1;Incidence & Epidemiology;236
1.10.2.1.3.2;Basic Science;237
1.10.2.1.3.2.1;Embryology;237
1.10.2.1.3.2.2;Pathology;237
1.10.2.1.4;Tumour Biology, Cytogenetics & Molecular Pathology;237
1.10.2.1.4.1;Tumour Markers;238
1.10.2.1.4.2;Diagnosis;238
1.10.2.1.4.3;Clinical Features;238
1.10.2.1.5;Laboratory Investigations;239
1.10.2.1.5.1;Imaging;239
1.10.2.1.5.1.1;Radiographs;239
1.10.2.1.5.1.2;Computerized Tomography;239
1.10.2.1.5.1.3;Magnetic Resonance Imaging;239
1.10.2.1.5.1.4;Investigations for staging;240
1.10.2.1.5.1.5;Other;240
1.10.2.1.5.1.5.1;Disease Staging;241
1.10.2.1.5.1.6;Tumour stage;242
1.10.2.1.5.1.7;Tumour site;242
1.10.2.1.5.1.8;Antenatal diagnosis;242
1.10.2.1.5.2;Differential diagnosis;242
1.10.2.1.5.3;Management options;242
1.10.2.1.5.3.1;An Overview of Treatment Strategies;242
1.10.2.1.5.3.2;Management protocols;243
1.10.2.1.5.3.2.1;Low Risk Group;243
1.10.2.1.5.3.2.2;Intermediate Risk Group;243
1.10.2.1.5.3.2.3;High Risk Group;243
1.10.2.1.5.3.3;Special cases;243
1.10.2.1.5.3.4;Surgical Management;243
1.10.2.1.5.3.5;Controversies in surgical resection;243
1.10.2.1.5.3.6;Biopsy;244
1.10.2.1.5.3.7;Tumor Resection;245
1.10.2.1.5.3.8;The Dartevelle Approach;245
1.10.2.1.5.3.9;Minimally invasive resection;246
1.10.2.1.5.3.10;Complications of surgery;246
1.10.2.1.5.3.11;Survival;246
1.10.2.1.5.3.12;Future perspective;246
1.10.2.1.6;Other primary posterior mediastinal tumours;247
1.10.2.1.6.1;Neurilemmoma (Schwannoma);247
1.10.2.1.6.2;Neurofibroma;247
1.10.2.1.6.3;Neurofibrosarcoma;248
1.10.2.1.6.4;Extra-adrenal pheocromocytoma (paraganglioma /chemodectoma);248
1.10.2.1.6.5;Other primary non-neurogenic tumors;248
1.10.2.1.7;References;249
1.10.3;Chapter 20;252
1.10.3.1;Lung Tumors;252
1.10.3.1.1;Introduction;252
1.10.3.1.2;Historical Perspective;252
1.10.3.1.3;Pathology;252
1.10.3.1.3.1;Primary Lung Tumors3;252
1.10.3.1.4;Clinical Presentation;253
1.10.3.1.5;Diagnosis;253
1.10.3.1.5.1;Radiology;253
1.10.3.1.6;Benign Tracheo-Bronchial Tumors;254
1.10.3.1.7;Malignant Tracheo-Bronchial Tumors;254
1.10.3.1.7.1;Carcinoid Tumors;254
1.10.3.1.7.2;Fibrosarcoma of the Lung;255
1.10.3.1.7.3;Bronchogenic Carcinoma;255
1.10.3.1.8;Benign Parenchymal Lung Tumors;255
1.10.3.1.8.1;Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor;255
1.10.3.1.8.2;Hamartoma;255
1.10.3.1.8.3;Haemangiopericytoma;256
1.10.3.1.8.4;Sclerosing Haemangioma;256
1.10.3.1.9;Malignant Parenchymal Tumors;256
1.10.3.1.9.1;Pleuropulmonary Blastoma;256
1.10.3.1.9.2;Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Lung;257
1.10.3.1.10;Other Malignant Parenchymal Tumors;257
1.10.3.1.10.1;Metastatic Lung Tumors;257
1.10.3.1.11;Conclusions and Future Perspectives;259
1.10.3.1.12;References;259
1.10.4;Chapter 21;261
1.10.4.1;Chest Wall Tumors;261
1.10.4.1.1;Introduction;261
1.10.4.1.2;Historic Perspective;261
1.10.4.1.3;Basic Science/Pathogenesis;261
1.10.4.1.4;Clinical Features;262
1.10.4.1.5;Diagnosis;262
1.10.4.1.5.1;Investigations;262
1.10.4.1.5.2;Radiology;262
1.10.4.1.5.3;Biopsy;262
1.10.4.1.6;Benign Chest Wall Tumors;263
1.10.4.1.7;Benign Rib Tumors;263
1.10.4.1.7.1;Osteochondroma;263
1.10.4.1.7.2;Chondroma;263
1.10.4.1.7.3;Fibrous Dysplasia;263
1.10.4.1.7.4;Eosinophilic Granuloma/Histocytosis X;263
1.10.4.1.7.5;Mesenchymal Hamartoma;264
1.10.4.1.7.6;Chondromatous Hamartoma;264
1.10.4.1.7.7;Osteoblastoma;264
1.10.4.1.7.8;Osteoid Osteoma;264
1.10.4.1.8;Benign Soft Tissue Tumors;264
1.10.4.1.8.1;Fibroblastic-Myofibroblastic Tumors;264
1.10.4.1.8.2;Lipoblastomatosis/Liposarcoma;265
1.10.4.1.8.3;Giant Cell Fibroblastoma;266
1.10.4.1.9;Malignant Chest Wall Tumors;267
1.10.4.1.10;Malignant Bony Tumors;267
1.10.4.1.10.1;Chondrosarcoma;267
1.10.4.1.11;Malignant Small Round Cell Tumors (MSRCT);267
1.10.4.1.11.1;Premitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET) and Mesenchymal Sarcoma;267
1.10.4.1.11.1.1;Ewings sarcoma and Askin´s Tumor;267
1.10.4.1.11.1.2;Osteosarcoma;269
1.10.4.1.11.1.3;Rhabdomyosarcoma;269
1.10.4.1.11.1.4;Congenital-Infantile Fibrosarcoma;270
1.10.4.1.11.1.5;Neurofibrosarcoma;270
1.10.4.1.11.1.6;Lymphoma;271
1.10.4.1.12;Differential Diagnosis;271
1.10.4.1.12.1;Infection;271
1.10.4.1.12.2;Chest Wall Deformity;271
1.10.4.1.13;Management;271
1.10.4.1.14;Surgical Management;271
1.10.4.1.15;Chest Wall Reconstruction;271
1.10.4.1.15.1;Skeletal Reconstruction;272
1.10.4.1.15.2;Soft Tissue Reconstruction;272
1.10.4.1.16;Long-Term Complications;272
1.10.4.1.16.1;Scoliosis;272
1.10.4.1.16.2;Restrictive Pulmonary Function;273
1.10.4.1.16.3;Secondary Tumors;273
1.10.4.1.16.4;Sternal Tumors;273
1.10.4.1.17;Pediatric Sternal Tumors;273
1.10.4.1.17.1;Enchondroma;273
1.10.4.1.17.2;Osteoblastoma;273
1.10.4.1.18;Clinical Features;273
1.10.4.1.19;Diagnosis;274
1.10.4.1.20;Surgical Management;274
1.10.4.1.20.1;Technical Considerations;274
1.10.4.1.21;Conclusions and Future Perspective;274
1.10.4.1.22;References;274
1.11;Part V: Esophagus;278
1.11.1;Chapter 22;279
1.11.1.1;Congenital Malformations;279
1.11.1.1.1;Introduction;279
1.11.1.1.2;Historical Perspective;279
1.11.1.1.3;Basic Science/Pathogenesis;279
1.11.1.1.3.1;Embryogenesis of Esophageal Atresia;279
1.11.1.1.3.1.1;Tracheoesophageal Separation;279
1.11.1.1.3.1.2;The Abnormal Notochord in Esophageal Atresia;280
1.11.1.1.3.1.3;The Upper Esophageal Pouch;281
1.11.1.1.3.1.4;Role of Sonic Hedgehog and Other Genes;281
1.11.1.1.3.2;Anatomical Considerations;282
1.11.1.1.3.2.1;Upper Esophageal Segment;282
1.11.1.1.3.2.2;Lower Esophageal Segment;282
1.11.1.1.3.2.3;Innervation of the Esophagus;282
1.11.1.1.3.2.4;Blood Supply to the Esophagus;283
1.11.1.1.3.2.5;The Trachea;283
1.11.1.1.3.3;Epidemiology;283
1.11.1.1.4;Antenatal Diagnosis;284
1.11.1.1.5;Postnatal Diagnosis;284
1.11.1.1.5.1;Clinical Features;284
1.11.1.1.5.2;Confirmation of Esophageal Atresia;284
1.11.1.1.5.3;Determination of the Type of Esophageal Atresia;285
1.11.1.1.5.4;Associated Abnormalities;286
1.11.1.1.5.4.1;Congenital Heart Disease;286
1.11.1.1.5.4.2;Coexistence of Atresias of the Esophagus, Duodenum, and Anorectum;286
1.11.1.1.5.4.3;Urinary Tract Abnormalities;287
1.11.1.1.6;Management;287
1.11.1.1.6.1;Antenatal Management;287
1.11.1.1.6.2;Preoperative Care;287
1.11.1.1.6.3;Repair by Open Thoracotomy;287
1.11.1.1.6.3.1;Position;287
1.11.1.1.6.3.2;Surgical Approach;287
1.11.1.1.6.3.3;Division of the Distal Tracheoesophageal Fistula;287
1.11.1.1.6.3.4;Dissection of the Upper Esophagus;288
1.11.1.1.6.3.5;Anastomosis to Gain Esophageal Continuity;288
1.11.1.1.6.3.6;Closure;288
1.11.1.1.6.4;Thoracoscopic Repair;288
1.11.1.1.6.4.1;Position and Port Placement;289
1.11.1.1.6.4.2;Closure of the Tracheoesophageal Fistula;290
1.11.1.1.6.4.3;Mobilization of the Upper Pouch;290
1.11.1.1.6.4.4;Esophageal Anastomosis;290
1.11.1.1.6.5;Postoperative Management;290
1.11.1.1.6.5.1;Role of Postoperative Ventilation and Neck Flexion;290
1.11.1.1.6.6;Surgical Techniques for Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia;291
1.11.1.1.6.6.1;Initial Management of Esophageal Atresia and a Gasless Abdomen;291
1.11.1.1.6.6.2;Surgical Techniques Used for Long-Gap Atresia;293
1.11.1.1.6.6.2.1;Modified Scharli Technique;293
1.11.1.1.6.6.2.2;Gastric Transposition;293
1.11.1.1.6.6.2.3;Gastric Tube Procedures;293
1.11.1.1.6.6.2.4;Other Methods;293
1.11.1.1.6.7;Right-Sided Aortic Arch;295
1.11.1.1.6.8;Coexisting Duodenal Atresia and Imperforate Anus;295
1.11.1.1.6.9;Extreme Prematurity;296
1.11.1.1.6.10;Tracheomalacia;297
1.11.1.1.6.10.1;Indications for Surgery;297
1.11.1.1.6.10.2;Aortopexy;297
1.11.1.1.7;Complications;297
1.11.1.1.7.1;Anastomotic Leak;297
1.11.1.1.7.2;Esophageal Stricture;298
1.11.1.1.7.3;Recurrent Tracheoesophageal Fistula;298
1.11.1.1.7.4;Gastroesophageal Reflux and Esophageal Dysmotility;299
1.11.1.1.8;Rare and Unusual Variants;299
1.11.1.1.8.1;The Congenital H Fistula;299
1.11.1.1.8.1.1;Diagnosis;299
1.11.1.1.8.1.2;Investigation;299
1.11.1.1.8.1.3;Operative Management;300
1.11.1.1.8.1.4;Complications;300
1.11.1.1.8.2;Other Rare Variants;300
1.11.1.1.8.3;Congenital Lower Esophageal Stenosis;300
1.11.1.1.9;Prognosis and Long-Term Outcomes;301
1.11.1.1.9.1;Predictors of Outcome;301
1.11.1.1.9.2;Esophageal Function;301
1.11.1.1.9.3;Growth;301
1.11.1.1.9.4;Risk of Esophageal Malignancy After Repair of Esophageal Atresia;301
1.11.1.1.9.5;Quality of Life;302
1.11.1.1.9.6;Parent Support Groups;302
1.11.1.1.10;References;302
1.11.2;Chapter 23;308
1.11.2.1;Esophageal Stricture;308
1.11.2.1.1;Introduction;308
1.11.2.1.2;Historical Perspective;308
1.11.2.1.3;Etiology;308
1.11.2.1.4;Congenital Lesions;309
1.11.2.1.4.1;Clinical Features and Diagnosis;309
1.11.2.1.4.2;Management;309
1.11.2.1.5;Acquired Lesions;310
1.11.2.1.5.1;Peptic Stricture;310
1.11.2.1.5.2;Pathogenesis;310
1.11.2.1.5.3;Clinical Features and Diagnosis;310
1.11.2.1.5.4;Management;310
1.11.2.1.5.4.1;Schatzki´s Rings;311
1.11.2.1.5.4.2;Eosinophilic esophagitis;311
1.11.2.1.5.5;Management;311
1.11.2.1.5.5.1;Post-anastomotic strictures;311
1.11.2.1.5.6;Management;311
1.11.2.1.5.7;Clinical Features and Diagnosis;311
1.11.2.1.5.8;Management;312
1.11.2.1.5.8.1;Corrosive strictures;313
1.11.2.1.5.9;Pathogenesis;313
1.11.2.1.5.10;Clinical features and Diagnosis;313
1.11.2.1.5.11;Management;313
1.11.2.1.6;Esophageal Dilation;315
1.11.2.1.6.1;Bouginage;315
1.11.2.1.6.2;Summary;315
1.11.2.1.7;References;316
1.11.3;Chapter 24;318
1.11.3.1;Esophageal Replacement;318
1.11.3.1.1;Introduction;318
1.11.3.1.2;Historic Perspective;319
1.11.3.1.2.1;Stomach: Gastric Tube;319
1.11.3.1.2.2;Stomach: Gastric Pull-Up;319
1.11.3.1.2.3;Jejunum;320
1.11.3.1.2.4;Colon;320
1.11.3.1.2.5;Management Options;320
1.11.3.1.2.6;Gastric Tube;321
1.11.3.1.2.6.1;Results and Discussion on Gastric Pull-Ups;323
1.11.3.1.2.7;Gastric Pull-Up;324
1.11.3.1.2.7.1;Results and Discussion on Gastric Pull-Ups;325
1.11.3.1.2.8;Jejunal Transposition;325
1.11.3.1.2.9;Colonic Transposition;326
1.11.3.1.2.10;Results and Discussion on Colonic Transposition;326
1.11.3.1.2.11;Complications;327
1.11.3.1.3;References;327
1.11.4;Chapter 25;331
1.11.4.1;Achalasia;331
1.11.4.1.1;Introduction;331
1.11.4.1.2;Historical Perspective;331
1.11.4.1.2.1;Pathogenesis;331
1.11.4.1.3;Clinical Features and Diagnosis;332
1.11.4.1.3.1;Radiology and Manometric Studies;332
1.11.4.1.4;Management;333
1.11.4.1.4.1;Medical;333
1.11.4.1.5;Surgical;333
1.11.4.1.5.1;Dilatation;333
1.11.4.1.5.2;Injection of Botulinum Toxin;333
1.11.4.1.5.3;Modified Heller´s Cardiomyotomy;334
1.11.4.1.6;Prognosis and Long-term Outcome;335
1.11.4.1.7;Conclusion;335
1.11.4.1.8;References;335
1.11.5;Chapter 26;337
1.11.5.1;Gastro-esophageal Reflux;337
1.11.5.1.1;Introduction;337
1.11.5.1.2;Historic Perspective;337
1.11.5.1.3;Basic Science/Pathogenesis;338
1.11.5.1.3.1;Mechanisms Preventing Reflux;338
1.11.5.1.3.2;Etiology of GERD;338
1.11.5.1.3.3;Associations/Predisposing Factors;339
1.11.5.1.4;Clinical Features;339
1.11.5.1.4.1;Presentation;339
1.11.5.1.5;Diagnosis;340
1.11.5.1.6;Management;342
1.11.5.1.6.1;Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication;343
1.11.5.1.6.2;Other Antireflux Procedures;345
1.11.5.1.6.3;Redo Fundoplication;345
1.11.5.1.6.4;Esophagogastric Dissociation;345
1.11.5.1.7;Complications of Antireflux Surgery;345
1.11.5.1.8;Special Cases;346
1.11.5.1.8.1;Reflux in Children with Neurological Impairment;346
1.11.5.1.8.2;Reflux in Children and Adults with Previous Esophageal Atresia Repair;347
1.11.5.1.9;Controversies;347
1.11.5.1.9.1;Barrett´s Esophagus in Children with GERD;347
1.11.5.1.10;Conclusion;348
1.11.5.1.11;References;348
1.11.6;Chapter 27;352
1.11.6.1;Esophageal Foreign Bodies;352
1.11.6.1.1;Introduction;352
1.11.6.1.2;Historic Perspective;352
1.11.6.1.3;Basic Science/Pathogenesis;352
1.11.6.1.4;Clinical Features;353
1.11.6.1.5;Diagnosis;353
1.11.6.1.6;Management;354
1.11.6.1.6.1;Technique of Rigid Esophagoscopy;354
1.11.6.1.7;Rare Case: Tracheoesophageal Fistula Caused by Electrolysis of a Button Battery Impacted in The Esophagus;355
1.11.6.1.8;Aortoesophageal Fistula;356
1.11.6.1.9;References;356
1.12;Part VI: Trachea;357
1.12.1;Chapter 28;358
1.12.1.1;Foreign Bodies in the Airway;358
1.12.1.1.1;Introduction;358
1.12.1.1.2;Historical Perspective;358
1.12.1.1.3;Basic Science and Epidemiology;358
1.12.1.1.4;Diagnosis;359
1.12.1.1.4.1;Signs and Symptoms;359
1.12.1.1.5;Investigations;360
1.12.1.1.6;Management;361
1.12.1.1.6.1;Immediate Management of Inhaled Foreign Bodies;361
1.12.1.1.6.2;Definitive Management;361
1.12.1.1.7;Complications;363
1.12.1.1.8;References;363
1.12.2;Chapter 29;365
1.12.2.1;Vascular Rings;365
1.12.2.1.1;Introduction;365
1.12.2.1.2;Historical Perspective;365
1.12.2.1.3;Incidence;365
1.12.2.1.4;Pathogenesis and Embryology;365
1.12.2.1.5;Classification;365
1.12.2.1.6;Clinical Features;368
1.12.2.1.7;Diagnosis and Investigations;369
1.12.2.1.8;Differential Diagnosis;370
1.12.2.1.9;Management;370
1.12.2.1.10;OutcomesSurgery is safe;372
1.12.2.1.11;Complications;372
1.12.2.1.12;Conclusions and Future Perspectives;372
1.12.2.1.13;References;372
1.12.3;Chapter 30;374
1.12.3.1;Foregut Duplication Cysts;374
1.12.3.1.1;Introduction;374
1.12.3.1.2;Historic Perspective;374
1.12.3.1.3;Basic Science;374
1.12.3.1.4;Clinical Features;374
1.12.3.1.5;Diagnosis;375
1.12.3.1.6;Management;376
1.12.3.1.7;Postoperative Care;377
1.12.3.1.8;Complications;377
1.12.3.1.9;Rare and Unusual Cases;378
1.12.3.1.10;Controversies;378
1.12.3.1.11;Prognosis and Long-Term Outcome;378
1.12.3.1.12;Conclusion;378
1.12.3.1.13;References;378
1.13;Part VII: Lung Disease;380
1.13.1;Chapter 31;381
1.13.1.1;Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation;381
1.13.1.2;Introduction;381
1.13.1.3;Historical Perspective;381
1.13.1.4;Pathogenesis;381
1.13.1.5;Clinical Features;382
1.13.1.6;Presentation;382
1.13.1.7;Diagnosis;383
1.13.1.8;Treatment;384
1.13.1.9;Controversies;387
1.13.1.10;Conclusion;387
1.13.1.11;References;387
1.13.2;Chapter 32;389
1.13.2.1;Pulmonary Sequestration;389
1.13.2.1.1;Introduction;389
1.13.2.1.2;Historic Perspective;389
1.13.2.1.3;Pathogenesis;389
1.13.2.1.4;Clinical Features;390
1.13.2.1.5;Diagnosis;390
1.13.2.1.6;Treatment;392
1.13.2.1.7;Surgical Resection;392
1.13.2.1.8;Postoperative Care;393
1.13.2.1.9;Unusual Cases;394
1.13.2.1.10;Controversies;394
1.13.2.1.11;Conclusion;394
1.13.2.1.12;References;394
1.13.3;Chapter 33;396
1.13.3.1;Congenital Lobar Emphysema;396
1.13.3.1.1;Introduction;396
1.13.3.1.2;Historical Perspective;396
1.13.3.1.3;Pathogenesis;396
1.13.3.1.4;Clinical Features;397
1.13.3.1.5;Diagnosis;397
1.13.3.1.6;Treatment;398
1.13.3.1.7;Conclusion;398
1.13.3.1.8;References;399
1.13.4;Chapter 34;400
1.13.4.1;Respiratory Disorders of the Newborn;400
1.13.4.1.1;Introduction;400
1.13.4.1.2;Historical Perspective;400
1.13.4.1.3;Acute Respiratory Diseases;400
1.13.4.1.3.1;Respiratory Distress Syndrome;400
1.13.4.1.3.1.1;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;401
1.13.4.1.3.1.2;Clinical Features;401
1.13.4.1.3.1.3;Diagnosis;401
1.13.4.1.3.1.3.1;Radiological Diagnosis;401
1.13.4.1.3.1.3.2;Differential Diagnosis;401
1.13.4.1.3.1.4;Management;402
1.13.4.1.3.1.4.1;Prenatal Steroids;402
1.13.4.1.3.1.4.2;Surfactant Replacement;402
1.13.4.1.3.1.4.3;Neonatal Intensive Care;402
1.13.4.1.3.1.4.4;Respiratory Support;402
1.13.4.1.4;Pulmonary Air Leak Syndromes;402
1.13.4.1.4.1;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;403
1.13.4.1.4.2;Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema;403
1.13.4.1.4.2.1;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;403
1.13.4.1.4.2.2;Clinical Features;403
1.13.4.1.4.2.3;Diagnosis;403
1.13.4.1.4.2.4;Management;403
1.13.4.1.4.2.5;Prognosis;404
1.13.4.1.4.3;Pneumothorax;405
1.13.4.1.4.3.1;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;405
1.13.4.1.4.3.2;Clinical Features;405
1.13.4.1.4.3.3;Diagnosis;406
1.13.4.1.4.3.4;Management;406
1.13.4.1.4.4;Pneumomediastinum;407
1.13.4.1.4.5;Pneumopericardium;407
1.13.4.1.4.6;Pneumoperitoneum;407
1.13.4.1.4.7;Pleural Effusions;407
1.13.4.1.4.7.1;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;407
1.13.4.1.4.7.2;Clinical Features;407
1.13.4.1.4.7.3;Diagnosis;407
1.13.4.1.4.7.4;Management;407
1.13.4.1.4.7.5;Prognosis;407
1.13.4.1.5;Chylothorax;408
1.13.4.1.5.1;Hemothorax;408
1.13.4.1.5.2;Pulmonary Hemorrhage;408
1.13.4.1.5.2.1;Management;408
1.13.4.1.5.3;Meconium Aspiration Syndrome;408
1.13.4.1.5.3.1;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;408
1.13.4.1.5.3.2;Clinical Features;409
1.13.4.1.5.3.3;Diagnosis;409
1.13.4.1.5.3.4;Management;409
1.13.4.1.5.3.5;Prognosis;409
1.13.4.1.5.4;Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn;409
1.13.4.1.5.4.1;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;409
1.13.4.1.5.4.2;Clinical Features and Diagnosis;409
1.13.4.1.5.4.3;Management;409
1.13.4.1.6;Chronic Lung Disease;410
1.13.4.1.6.1;Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia;410
1.13.4.1.6.1.1;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;410
1.13.4.1.6.1.2;Clinical features;410
1.13.4.1.6.1.3;Diagnosis;410
1.13.4.1.6.1.4;Management;410
1.13.4.1.6.1.5;Prognosis;411
1.13.4.1.6.2;Tracheobronchomalacia;411
1.13.4.1.6.2.1;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;411
1.13.4.1.6.2.2;Clinical features;411
1.13.4.1.6.2.3;Diagnosis;411
1.13.4.1.6.2.4;Management;411
1.13.4.1.7;References;412
1.13.5;Chapter 35;415
1.13.5.1;Cystic Fibrosis;415
1.13.5.1.1;Introduction;415
1.13.5.1.2;Background and History;415
1.13.5.1.3;Pathogenesis;415
1.13.5.1.4;Diagnosis;416
1.13.5.1.4.1;Immunoreactive Trypsin;416
1.13.5.1.4.2;Sweat Test;416
1.13.5.1.4.3;DNA Analysis for Genotype;417
1.13.5.1.4.4;Fecal Elastase;417
1.13.5.1.4.5;Neonatal Screening;417
1.13.5.1.5;Clinical Presentations;417
1.13.5.1.5.1;Meconium Ileus;417
1.13.5.1.5.2;Malabsorption and Failure to Thrive;418
1.13.5.1.5.3;Recurrent Respiratory Infections;418
1.13.5.1.5.4;Pseudo-Bartter´s Syndrome;419
1.13.5.1.5.5;Rectal Prolapse;419
1.13.5.1.5.6;Rarer Neonatal Presentations;419
1.13.5.1.6;Clinical Features and Their Management;419
1.13.5.1.6.1;Respiratory Disease;419
1.13.5.1.6.1.1;Infection and Respiratory Exacerbations;419
1.13.5.1.6.1.2;Respiratory Viruses;420
1.13.5.1.6.1.3;Staphylococcus aureus;420
1.13.5.1.6.1.4;Hemophilus influenzae;420
1.13.5.1.6.1.5;Pseudomonas aeruginosa;420
1.13.5.1.6.1.6;Stenotrophomonas maltophilia;420
1.13.5.1.6.1.7;Burkholderia Cepacia Complex;420
1.13.5.1.6.1.8;Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA);421
1.13.5.1.6.1.9;Aspergillus Species;421
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.1;Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria;421
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.1.1;Chest Physiotherapy;421
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.1.2;Wheeze and Small Airways Disease;421
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.1.3;Bronchodilators;422
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.1.4;Inhaled Corticosteroids;422
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.1.5;Long-Acting beta2 Agonists;422
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.1.6;Other Respiratory Therapies;422
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.2;Mucolytics;422
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.3;Long-Term Azithromycin;422
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.3.1;Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis;422
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.3.2;Pneumothorax;422
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.3.3;Hemoptysis;423
1.13.5.1.6.1.9.3.4;Pulmonary Resection;423
1.13.5.1.6.2;Gastrointestinal Disease;424
1.13.5.1.6.2.1;Pancreatic Insufficiency and Nutrition;424
1.13.5.1.6.2.2;Distal Intestinal Obstruction Syndrome;424
1.13.5.1.6.2.3;Gastro-Esophageal Reflux;424
1.13.5.1.6.2.4;Fibrosing Colonopathy;425
1.13.5.1.6.2.5;Pancreatitis;426
1.13.5.1.6.3;Liver Disease;426
1.13.5.1.6.4;CF-Related Diabetes;426
1.13.5.1.6.5;Otorhinolaryngology;426
1.13.5.1.6.5.1;Nasal Polyps;426
1.13.5.1.6.5.2;Sinusitis;427
1.13.5.1.6.6;Bone Disease;427
1.13.5.1.6.7;Joint Disease;427
1.13.5.1.6.8;Puberty and Fertility;427
1.13.5.1.6.9;Stress Incontinence;428
1.13.5.1.7;Other Surgical Issues;428
1.13.5.1.7.1;Totally Implantable Venous Access Devices;428
1.13.5.1.7.2;Peri-Operative Management of the Patient with CF;428
1.13.5.1.7.3;Lung Transplantation;428
1.13.5.1.7.3.1;Absolute Contraindications;429
1.13.5.1.7.3.2;Relative Contraindications;429
1.13.5.1.8;Conclusions;429
1.13.5.1.9;References;429
1.13.6;Chapter 36;432
1.13.6.1;Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Hemoptysis;432
1.13.6.1.1;Introduction;432
1.13.6.1.2;History;432
1.13.6.1.3;Pathophysiology;432
1.13.6.1.4;Clinical Presentation and Physical Examination;432
1.13.6.1.5;Specific Causes of Pulmonary Hemorrhage;433
1.13.6.1.5.1;Cystic Fibrosis (CF);433
1.13.6.1.5.2;Pulmonary Renal Syndromes;434
1.13.6.1.5.3;Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis;434
1.13.6.1.5.3.1;Heiner´s Syndrome;435
1.13.6.1.5.3.2;The Cleveland Epidemic ;435
1.13.6.1.6;Pulmonary Hemorrhage Secondary to Cardiovascular Abnormalities;435
1.13.6.1.7;Infection;435
1.13.6.1.8;Foreign Body Aspiration;435
1.13.6.1.9;Pulmonary Hemorrhage in NewbornInfants;435
1.13.6.1.10;Trauma;436
1.13.6.1.11;Congenital Lung Abnormalities;436
1.13.6.1.12;Neoplasm;436
1.13.6.1.13;Vascular Malformations;436
1.13.6.1.14;Diagnosis;436
1.13.6.1.14.1;Laboratory Investigations;436
1.13.6.1.14.2;Pulmonary Function Tests;437
1.13.6.1.14.3;Bronchoscopy;437
1.13.6.1.14.4;Radiological Diagnosis;437
1.13.6.1.14.4.1;X-Ray;437
1.13.6.1.14.4.2;Computed Tomography (CT);437
1.13.6.1.14.4.3;MRI;437
1.13.6.1.14.5;Radionulide Imaging;437
1.13.6.1.14.6;Lung Biopsy;437
1.13.6.1.15;Management;437
1.13.6.1.16;Conservative Management;438
1.13.6.1.16.1;Medical;438
1.13.6.1.16.2;Bronchial Artery Embolisation (BAE);438
1.13.6.1.16.3;Lobectomy;438
1.13.6.1.17;Complications;438
1.13.6.1.18;Conclusions;439
1.13.6.1.19;References;439
1.13.7;Chapter 37;441
1.13.7.1;Interstitial Diseases of the Lung;441
1.13.7.1.1;Introduction;441
1.13.7.1.2;Historical Perspective;441
1.13.7.1.3;Epidemiology;441
1.13.7.1.4;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;442
1.13.7.1.5;Etiology;442
1.13.7.1.6;Clinical Features;442
1.13.7.1.7;Diagnosis;444
1.13.7.1.7.1;Laboratory Studies;444
1.13.7.1.7.2;Immunological Tests;444
1.13.7.1.7.3;Radiology;444
1.13.7.1.7.3.1;Chest Radiograph;444
1.13.7.1.7.3.2;Computed Tomography (CT Scan);444
1.13.7.1.7.3.3;Other Radiological Investigations;444
1.13.7.1.8;Lung Function Tests;444
1.13.7.1.9;Other Noninvasive Investigations;445
1.13.7.1.10;Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL);445
1.13.7.1.11;Lung Biopsy;445
1.13.7.1.12;Acute Interstitial Disease;445
1.13.7.1.13;Chronic Interstitial Diseases;446
1.13.7.1.14;Management;446
1.13.7.1.14.1;Supportive Care;446
1.13.7.1.14.2;Antiinflammatory Treatment;446
1.13.7.1.14.3;Specific Conditions;446
1.13.7.1.14.3.1;Disorders Specific to Infancy and Childhood;446
1.13.7.1.14.3.2;Developmental Abnormalities;447
1.13.7.1.14.3.3;Surfactant Protein Disorders;447
1.13.7.1.14.3.4;Other Rare Disorders of Infancy;447
1.13.7.1.14.3.4.1;NEHI (Neuroendocrine Hyperplasia of Infancy);447
1.13.7.1.14.3.4.2;PIG (Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis);447
1.13.7.1.14.3.4.3;Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonitis (DIP);447
1.13.7.1.14.3.4.4;Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis (IPH);447
1.13.7.1.14.3.4.5;Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis;447
1.13.7.1.14.3.4.6;Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis (EAA);448
1.13.7.1.14.3.4.7;Primary Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia;448
1.13.7.1.14.3.4.8;Systemic Diseases;448
1.13.7.1.15;Conclusion;448
1.13.7.1.16;References;448
1.13.8;Chapter 38;450
1.13.8.1;Pneumothorax;450
1.13.8.1.1;Introduction;450
1.13.8.1.2;Historic Perspective;450
1.13.8.1.3;Basic Science;451
1.13.8.1.3.1;Resorption of Gas from the Pleural Space;451
1.13.8.1.4;Etiology;451
1.13.8.1.5;Pathogenesis;452
1.13.8.1.6;Malignancy;453
1.13.8.1.7;Cystic Fibrosis;453
1.13.8.1.8;Clinical Features;454
1.13.8.1.9;Diagnosis;454
1.13.8.1.9.1;Radiological Diagnosis;454
1.13.8.1.9.2;Other Investigations;456
1.13.8.1.10;Differential Diagnosis;456
1.13.8.1.11;Management;456
1.13.8.1.11.1;Initial Management;456
1.13.8.1.11.2;Removal of Air vs. Observation;456
1.13.8.1.11.3;Aspiration vs. Drainage;457
1.13.8.1.11.4;Recurrence Prevention;457
1.13.8.1.11.5;Chemical Pleurodesis;457
1.13.8.1.11.6;Surgical Management;457
1.13.8.1.11.7;Thoracotomy;458
1.13.8.1.11.8;Limited Thoracotomy;458
1.13.8.1.11.9;Trans-Axillary Minithoracotomy;458
1.13.8.1.11.10;VATS;458
1.13.8.1.12;Complications;459
1.13.8.1.12.1;Complications of Pleurodesis;459
1.13.8.1.12.2;Complications of Surgery;460
1.13.8.1.12.3;Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS);460
1.13.8.1.12.4;Thoracotomy;460
1.13.8.1.13;Special Cases;460
1.13.8.1.13.1;Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS);460
1.13.8.1.13.2;Cystic Fibrosis;461
1.13.8.1.13.3;Malignancy;461
1.13.8.1.13.4;Alveolar-Pleural Fistula;461
1.13.8.1.13.5;Tension Pneumothorax;462
1.13.8.1.14;Prognosis/Long-Term Outcome;462
1.13.8.1.14.1;Advice on Air Travel;462
1.13.8.1.15;Conclusion/Future Perspective;462
1.13.8.1.16;References;462
1.14;Part VIII: Diaphragm;466
1.14.1;Chapter 39;467
1.14.1.1;Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia;467
1.14.1.1.1;Definition and History;467
1.14.1.1.2;Embryology;467
1.14.1.1.2.1;Lung Development;467
1.14.1.1.2.2;Pulmonary Vascular Development;468
1.14.1.1.3;Prevalence of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia;469
1.14.1.1.4;Pathophysiology;469
1.14.1.1.4.1;Pulmonary Hypertension in CDH;470
1.14.1.1.5;Etiology and Genetics;470
1.14.1.1.6;Experimental Models;471
1.14.1.1.6.1;Teratogen-Induced CDH Models;471
1.14.1.1.6.2;Vitamin A-Deficient Rodents;471
1.14.1.1.6.3;Genetic Models;471
1.14.1.1.6.4;Lamb CDH Model;472
1.14.1.1.7;Associated Anomalies/Malformations;472
1.14.1.1.8;Diagnosis and Management;472
1.14.1.1.8.1;Antenatal Diagnosis;472
1.14.1.1.8.2;Antenatal Surgery;473
1.14.1.1.8.3;Antenatal Steroid Therapy;474
1.14.1.1.8.4;Delivery;474
1.14.1.1.8.5;Postnatal Diagnosis;475
1.14.1.1.8.6;Postnatal Management;475
1.14.1.1.8.7;Gentle Ventilation and Permissive Hypercapnia;475
1.14.1.1.8.8;High-Frequency Oscillating Ventilation;475
1.14.1.1.8.9;Inhaled Nitric Oxide;476
1.14.1.1.8.10;Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO);476
1.14.1.1.8.11;Liquid Ventilation;476
1.14.1.1.8.12;Surgery;476
1.14.1.1.8.13;Postnatal Prognosis;477
1.14.1.1.8.14;Overall Survival;477
1.14.1.1.9;Long-Term Sequelae;478
1.14.1.1.10;Future Directions;478
1.14.1.1.11;References;478
1.14.2;Chapter 40;484
1.14.2.1;Diaphragmatic Eventration and Phrenic Palsy;484
1.14.2.1.1;Introduction;484
1.14.2.1.2;Historical Perspective;484
1.14.2.1.3;Basic Science, Embryology, and Pathogenesis;484
1.14.2.1.4;Diagnosis;486
1.14.2.1.5;Management;488
1.14.2.1.6;Complications;489
1.14.2.1.7;Prognosis and Long-Term Outcome;489
1.14.2.1.8;Conclusions;489
1.14.2.1.9;References;489
1.14.3;Chapter 41;492
1.14.3.1;Extra-corporeal Membrane Oxygenation;492
1.14.3.1.1;Introduction;492
1.14.3.1.2;History of ECLS;492
1.14.3.1.3;Physiology and Components of the ECLS Circuit;492
1.14.3.1.4;Types of ECLS;494
1.14.3.1.4.1;Venoarterial ECLS;494
1.14.3.1.4.2;Methods of Cannulation for VA ECLS;495
1.14.3.1.4.3;Venovenous ECLS;496
1.14.3.1.4.4;Cannulation Techniques for VV ECLS;497
1.14.3.1.4.5;Indications and Exclusions for ECLS;498
1.14.3.1.5;Management of the Patient on ECLS;498
1.14.3.1.5.1;Respiratory Support During ECLS;498
1.14.3.1.5.2;Cardiac Support During ECLS;498
1.14.3.1.5.3;Anticoagulation;498
1.14.3.1.5.4;Sedation/Paralysis;499
1.14.3.1.5.5;Nutritional Support During ECLS;499
1.14.3.1.5.6;Weaning and Decannulation;499
1.14.3.1.6;Complications;499
1.14.3.1.6.1;Oxygenator Failure;500
1.14.3.1.6.2;Tubing or Raceway Rupture;500
1.14.3.1.6.3;Air Embolism;500
1.14.3.1.6.4;Bleeding;500
1.14.3.1.6.5;Infection;500
1.14.3.1.6.6;Renal Failure;500
1.14.3.1.7;Common Conditions Requiring ECLS and Outcome;500
1.14.3.1.7.1;Neonatal Respiratory Failure;500
1.14.3.1.7.2;Pediatric Respiratory Failure;501
1.14.3.1.7.3;Adult Respiratory Failure;501
1.14.3.1.7.4;ECLS for Cardiac Failure;501
1.14.3.1.8;Innovations Using ECLS;502
1.14.3.1.9;Summary;502
1.14.3.1.10;References;502
1.14.4;Chapter 42;506
1.14.4.1;Diaphragmatic Pacing in Children;506
1.14.4.1.1;Introduction;506
1.14.4.1.2;Historical Background: Ondine´s Curse;506
1.14.4.1.3;Pathophysiology;506
1.14.4.1.3.1;Physiologic Abnormalities in Ventilatory Control;507
1.14.4.1.3.2;Genetics of CCAHS;507
1.14.4.1.3.3;Associated Anomalies;508
1.14.4.1.4;Clinical Features of CCAHS;508
1.14.4.1.5;Diagnosis of CCAHS;508
1.14.4.1.6;Respiratory Failure Associated with Spinal Cord Trauma;509
1.14.4.1.7;Management;509
1.14.4.1.7.1;Pharmacologic Management;509
1.14.4.1.7.2;Mechanical Ventilation;509
1.14.4.1.7.3;Diaphragmatic Pacing;509
1.14.4.1.8;Complications;512
1.14.4.1.9;Summary;513
1.14.4.1.10;References;513
1.15;Part IX: Chest Wall Abnormalities;516
1.15.1;Chapter 43;517
1.15.1.1;Pectus Excavatum;517
1.15.1.1.1;Introduction;517
1.15.1.1.2;Historical Perspective;517
1.15.1.1.3;Pathogenesis and Basic Science;518
1.15.1.1.4;Clinical Features;519
1.15.1.1.5;Diagnosis;519
1.15.1.1.6;Investigations;519
1.15.1.1.6.1;Cardiology;520
1.15.1.1.7;Management;521
1.15.1.1.7.1;Antenatal/Perinatal Management;521
1.15.1.1.7.2;Medical;521
1.15.1.1.7.3;Surgical;521
1.15.1.1.7.3.1;Conventional Operative Techniques: Description of Modified Ravitch Operation;521
1.15.1.1.7.3.2;Minimally Invasive Operative Techniques: Description of Nuss Operation;521
1.15.1.1.8;Complications;522
1.15.1.1.8.1;Description and Incidence;522
1.15.1.1.8.2;Recurrence;524
1.15.1.1.8.3;Infection;524
1.15.1.1.8.4;Allergy;525
1.15.1.1.9;Controversies;525
1.15.1.1.10;Prognosis and Long-Term Outcome;525
1.15.1.1.11;Conclusions and Future Perspectives;525
1.15.1.1.12;References;526
1.15.2;Chapter 44;528
1.15.2.1;Thoracic Outlet Syndrome;528
1.15.2.1.1;Introduction;528
1.15.2.1.2;Anatomical Considerations;528
1.15.2.1.3;Causation and Pathological Anatomy;529
1.15.2.1.4;Presentation and Management;529
1.15.2.1.4.1;Neurogenic TOCS;529
1.15.2.1.4.2;Arterial TOCS;530
1.15.2.1.4.3;Venous TOCS;530
1.15.2.1.5;Conservative Management in TOCS;533
1.15.2.1.6;Surgical Techniques for Thoracic Outlet Decompression;533
1.15.2.1.6.1;The Supraclavicular Approach;533
1.15.2.1.6.2;The Transaxillary Approach;534
1.15.2.1.7;Outcomes After TOCS Surgery;535
1.15.2.1.8;Conclusion;535
1.15.2.1.9;References;535
1.15.3;Chapter 45;538
1.15.3.1;Thoracopagus Conjoined Twins;538
1.15.3.1.1;Introduction;538
1.15.3.1.2;Incidence;538
1.15.3.1.3;Historical Perspective;539
1.15.3.1.4;Clinical Features;540
1.15.3.1.5;Diagnosis;540
1.15.3.1.5.1;Prenatal Diagnosis;540
1.15.3.1.6;Obstetric Implications;541
1.15.3.1.7;Postnatal Diagnosis and Management;542
1.15.3.1.8;Ethical and Moral Considerations;542
1.15.3.1.9;Anesthetic Considerations;542
1.15.3.1.9.1;Anesthetic Challenges;543
1.15.3.1.9.2;Preoperative Work-Up;543
1.15.3.1.9.3;Equipment Preparation and/or Adaptation;543
1.15.3.1.9.4;Anesthesia for Procedures Prior to Separation;543
1.15.3.1.10;Surgical Management;544
1.15.3.1.10.1;Preoperative Preparation;544
1.15.3.1.10.2;Intraoperative Management;544
1.15.3.1.11;General Principles of Surgery;544
1.15.3.1.11.1;Skin Closure;544
1.15.3.1.11.2;Hepatobiliary and Gastro-Intestinal Tract;545
1.15.3.1.11.3;Musculoskeletal System;545
1.15.3.1.11.4;Cardiorespiratory System and Chest Wall;545
1.15.3.1.12;Postoperative Managemen;547
1.15.3.1.13;Results;547
1.15.3.1.13.1;Surgical Outcome;548
1.15.3.1.14;Conclusions;549
1.15.3.1.15;References;549
1.16;Part X: Miscellaneous;551
1.16.1;Chapter 46;552
1.16.1.1;Chylothorax;552
1.16.1.2;Introduction;552
1.16.1.3;Embryology;552
1.16.1.4;Anatomy;552
1.16.1.5;Chyle Physiology;552
1.16.1.6;Pathophysiology of Chylothorax;552
1.16.1.6.1;Congenital;553
1.16.1.6.2;Acquired;553
1.16.1.6.3;Antenatal Primary Fetal Hydrothorax;553
1.16.1.6.4;Associated Systemic Abnormalities;553
1.16.1.7;Diagnosis;553
1.16.1.8;Medical Therapy;554
1.16.1.8.1;Dietary;554
1.16.1.8.2;Adjunctive Medications;554
1.16.1.9;Surgical Approaches;554
1.16.1.9.1;Drainage;554
1.16.1.9.2;Thoracic Duct Ligation;554
1.16.1.9.3;Pleuroperitoneal Shunt;555
1.16.1.10;Treatment Recommendations;555
1.16.1.11;References;556
1.16.2;Chapter 47;557
1.16.2.1;The Thymus and Myasthenia Gravis;557
1.16.2.1.1;Introduction;557
1.16.2.1.2;Historical Perspective;557
1.16.2.1.3;Anatomy and Embryology;557
1.16.2.1.4;Consequences of Thymectomy;559
1.16.2.1.5;Thymic Hyperplasia;559
1.16.2.1.6;DiGeorge Syndrome;559
1.16.2.1.7;Thymoma;559
1.16.2.1.7.1;Diagnosis;559
1.16.2.1.7.2;Paraneoplastic Conditions;559
1.16.2.1.7.3;Pathology;560
1.16.2.1.7.4;Diagnosis and Imaging;560
1.16.2.1.7.5;Staging;560
1.16.2.1.7.6;Management;560
1.16.2.1.8;Myasthenia Gravis;560
1.16.2.1.8.1;Basic Science;561
1.16.2.1.8.2;Role of the Thymus in Myasthenia Gravis;561
1.16.2.1.8.3;Clinical Features;561
1.16.2.1.8.4;Clinical Course;562
1.16.2.1.8.5;Diagnosis;562
1.16.2.1.8.6;Management;562
1.16.2.1.8.7;Medical Management;562
1.16.2.1.8.8;Surgical Management;562
1.16.2.1.8.9;Surgical Exposure of the Thymus;563
1.16.2.1.8.10;Median Sternotomy;563
1.16.2.1.8.11;Trans-Cervical Approach;563
1.16.2.1.8.12;VATS Thymectomy;563
1.16.2.1.8.13;Results After Thymectomy;563
1.16.2.1.9;Other Thymic Tumors;564
1.16.2.1.9.1;Thymolipoma;564
1.16.2.1.9.2;Mediastinal Lymphangioma;564
1.16.2.1.10;Thymic Cysts;564
1.16.2.1.11;Conclusion and Future Perspective;564
1.16.2.1.12;References;564
1.16.3;Chapter 48;567
1.16.3.1;Hyperhidrosis and Thoracic Sympathectomy;567
1.16.3.1.1;Introduction;567
1.16.3.1.2;Historic Perspective;567
1.16.3.1.3;Basic Science;567
1.16.3.1.4;Etiology;568
1.16.3.1.5;Clinical Features;569
1.16.3.1.6;Diagnosis;569
1.16.3.1.7;Management;569
1.16.3.1.7.1;Conservative Management;569
1.16.3.1.7.2;Medical Therapy;569
1.16.3.1.7.3;Ionotophorosis;570
1.16.3.1.7.4;Surgical Management;570
1.16.3.1.8;Thoracic Sympathectomy;570
1.16.3.1.8.1;Operative Technique;573
1.16.3.1.8.2;Results;575
1.16.3.1.8.3;Side Effects of Sympathectomy;575
1.16.3.1.9;Conclusions and Future Perspective;576
1.16.3.1.10;References;576
1.17;Index;579
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Kritik
From the reviews:"This book covers the surgical problems of children from sternal notch to diaphragm. ... This is a well-written book at a level that should be understandable to students, residents, fellows, and experienced pediatric surgeons. ... This is a good, current, well-illustrated and well-referenced book on almost all of the thoracic problems of childhood that are likely to come to the attention of a pediatric surgeon. Even the most experienced among us will find interesting, new, and relevant information within its covers." (Robert M Arensman, Doody's Review Service, October, 2009)mehr

Autor

Mr Dakshesh H Parikh is Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and Lead Clinician in the Trauma Service, Paediatric Thoracic Service and The Minimal Access Surgery - Laparoscopy/ Thoracoscopy Service at The Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, UK.
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