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Social Psychology of Helping Relations

E-BookEPUB2 - DRM Adobe / EPUBE-Book
248 Seiten
Englisch
John Wiley & Sonserschienen am09.12.20191. Auflage
Examines the major aspects of giving and receiving help in interpersonal and intergroup relations

This unique book extends the traditional emphasis on interpersonal help-giving in order to consider a wider spectrum of interpersonal and intergroup helping relations. Help giving is viewed as reflecting people's care for others, while at the same time dependency on help and giving help imply lower and higher places on the social hierarchy, respectively. It studies the psychology of what goes into helping someone and integrates experimental work conducted in the social psychological laboratory with applied research from volunteer organizations, schools, and work and family environments. In addition to research on the giving of help, the book considers the recipient of help and reviews research and theory on people's readiness to seek and receive help. Unlike much of past research in this context that has been interested in the 'generosity question' (i.e., whether or not people help others) the book considers how different kinds of assistance (i.e., autonomy and dependency-oriented help) shape helping interactions.  It then goes beyond the analyses of the immediate helping interaction to consider the long-term consequences of giving and receiving help. Finally, the book addresses theory and research on intergroup helping relations.

Social Psychology of Helping Relations: Solidarity and Hierarchy begins with a general introduction to the topic. It then offers a series of broad perspectives, covering the philosophical and psychological theory, evolution, and overview of social psychological research. Next, the book looks at the social psychology of helping relations, examining the parties involvedt, and the 'why' behind their actions. The positives and negatives of giving and receiving assistance, and the links between status and interpersonal and intergroup helping relations are also covered.  It considers how giving, seeking and receiving help maintains or challenges status relations between individuals and groups. The book finishes with a conclusion that wraps up the many lessons learned.
Looks at solidarity and inequality in social interactions
Examines why people are ready to give and receive help
Studies the consequences of giving and receiving help
Highlights important implications to different kinds of help beyond the dichotomy between giving/receiving help or not
Addresses research and theory on interpersonal and intergroup helping relations
The implications of helping relations for personal and social change

Social Psychology of Helping Relations: Solidarity and Hierarchy is an ideal book for advanced students, researchers and individuals interested in social psychology, counselling, social work, Sociology, and Political Science. 



ARIE NADLER, PHD is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Tel Aviv University. He has authored more than 100 scholarly papers and chapters and edited 6 scholarly books in Social Psychology. He was the incumbent of the Argentina Chair for Research in Social Psychology, the Head of the Department of Psychology, and the Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Tel Aviv University. He was also the academic director of the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research, and the head of the Institute of Diplomacy and Regional Cooperation at Tel Aviv University.mehr
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Produkt

KlappentextExamines the major aspects of giving and receiving help in interpersonal and intergroup relations

This unique book extends the traditional emphasis on interpersonal help-giving in order to consider a wider spectrum of interpersonal and intergroup helping relations. Help giving is viewed as reflecting people's care for others, while at the same time dependency on help and giving help imply lower and higher places on the social hierarchy, respectively. It studies the psychology of what goes into helping someone and integrates experimental work conducted in the social psychological laboratory with applied research from volunteer organizations, schools, and work and family environments. In addition to research on the giving of help, the book considers the recipient of help and reviews research and theory on people's readiness to seek and receive help. Unlike much of past research in this context that has been interested in the 'generosity question' (i.e., whether or not people help others) the book considers how different kinds of assistance (i.e., autonomy and dependency-oriented help) shape helping interactions.  It then goes beyond the analyses of the immediate helping interaction to consider the long-term consequences of giving and receiving help. Finally, the book addresses theory and research on intergroup helping relations.

Social Psychology of Helping Relations: Solidarity and Hierarchy begins with a general introduction to the topic. It then offers a series of broad perspectives, covering the philosophical and psychological theory, evolution, and overview of social psychological research. Next, the book looks at the social psychology of helping relations, examining the parties involvedt, and the 'why' behind their actions. The positives and negatives of giving and receiving assistance, and the links between status and interpersonal and intergroup helping relations are also covered.  It considers how giving, seeking and receiving help maintains or challenges status relations between individuals and groups. The book finishes with a conclusion that wraps up the many lessons learned.
Looks at solidarity and inequality in social interactions
Examines why people are ready to give and receive help
Studies the consequences of giving and receiving help
Highlights important implications to different kinds of help beyond the dichotomy between giving/receiving help or not
Addresses research and theory on interpersonal and intergroup helping relations
The implications of helping relations for personal and social change

Social Psychology of Helping Relations: Solidarity and Hierarchy is an ideal book for advanced students, researchers and individuals interested in social psychology, counselling, social work, Sociology, and Political Science. 



ARIE NADLER, PHD is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Tel Aviv University. He has authored more than 100 scholarly papers and chapters and edited 6 scholarly books in Social Psychology. He was the incumbent of the Argentina Chair for Research in Social Psychology, the Head of the Department of Psychology, and the Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Tel Aviv University. He was also the academic director of the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research, and the head of the Institute of Diplomacy and Regional Cooperation at Tel Aviv University.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781118521526
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatEPUB
Format Hinweis2 - DRM Adobe / EPUB
FormatFormat mit automatischem Seitenumbruch (reflowable)
Erscheinungsjahr2019
Erscheinungsdatum09.12.2019
Auflage1. Auflage
ReiheContemporary Social Issues
Seiten248 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
Dateigrösse1486 Kbytes
Artikel-Nr.5000234
Rubriken
Genre9201

Inhalt/Kritik

Leseprobe
2
Broad Perspectives: Philosophical and Psychological Theory, Evolution, and Overview of Social Psychological Research

The next sections review theory and research on help-giving. We begin with aspects of belongingness and independence in helping relations as they appear in philosophical treatises, early psychological theories, and anthropological observations. Many of these efforts have predated the development of social psychological research and theory on helping, hence the first part of this section's title. The section begins with a focus on giving as an expression of mutual belongingness, and moves on to helping relations as hierarchical relationships where the helper gains and the dependent recipient loses status and prestige. The next section reviews the main themes in evolutionary analyses of helping. The third and final section will bring us closer to the central theme of the book by providing a bird's eye view of the short history of social psychological research on helping from the middle of the twentieth century to the present.
2.1 Early Philosophical and Psychological Theory
2.1.1 Helping: Belongingness and Solidarity

On the individual level, giving to others or risking oneself on their behalf beg explanation. They are inconsistent with the idea that the basic human motivation is to ensure self-preservation and maximize one's own resources. Yet, as already noted, on the relational level, giving assistance to others in need, and seeking and receiving help from them when one is in need, are the sine qua non of solidarity. The breadth of solidarity or the feeling of shared belongingness varies. For some people, in some sociocultural contexts and under certain circumstances, it applies to a relatively narrow circle of relationships (e.g. family or tribe). For others, solidarity is broad and includes members of an entire society or even the whole of humanity.

Three broad answers have been offered to the question of why people act against what seems to be their best interests and give help or take personal risks to increase others' well-being. Each of the answers offers a different view on human nature. The first represents an optimistic view: the motivation that underlies giving to others is attributed to the innate benevolent nature of humankind. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) voiced this position most poignantly (Damrosch 2007). If this is so, one might ask, how is it that we are not always good, generous, and helpful? In fact, some people often, and most people under certain circumstances, are indifferent to the plight of their fellow humans. Rousseau answered this question by suggesting that this reflects the corrupting nature of society. The pressures and oppressive character of families, groups, and cultures are the reasons why we sometimes act selfishly against our innately noble and helpful character.

This optimistic approach to human nature is shared by humanistic psychology. Both Carl Rogers (1961) and Abraham Maslow (1954) emphasized social connectedness and sensitivity to others' needs as vital for psychological well-being. Maslow lamented the relative lack of interest of the psychological science of his day in studying these positive aspects of social relationships. He criticized his contemporaries for their preoccupation with the negative aspects of interpersonal relations and wrote that kindness, generosity, benevolence, and charity have too little place in the social psychology textbooks (Maslow 1954, p. 371).

More recently, similar emphasis on social solidarity and interpersonal connectedness has been made by research subsumed under the title of positive psychology. This development, spurred by Seligman and his associates, seeks to shift psychology's focus on the pathological and maladjusted to people's happiness and well-being, and view a person's social ties with others as a central aspect of human welfare (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi 2000; Seligman et al. 2005).

English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) gave a more pessimistic answer to the question why help? Whereas Rousseau held that civilization interfered with our innate benevolence, Hobbes argued that civilization made it possible. To him, the state of nature consisted of war of all against all (Malcolm 2014). Even if two people seemed on good terms with each other, there was no guarantee that one would not attack the other because he or she coveted what the other had. According to Hobbes, solidarity and helpfulness, and respect for others' property and rights are forced upon people rather than emanating from within them. This grim world of homo homini lupus est (man is wolf to man) is transformed into a livable society because an external, powerful entity forces us to curb our murderous instincts and act responsibly toward each other. This entity can be the king or a religious leader who lays down laws that force people to cooperate. To emphasize the enormity of this enforcer of goodness, Hobbes metaphorically called that sovereign the Leviathan - the title of his best-known work (Malcolm 2014).

Some three centuries later, Sigmund Freud (1930) suggested that human beings were selfish by nature and if left to develop outside the constraints and values imposed by society they would seek immediate gratification at the expense of others' well-being. Freudian theory goes beyond the Hobbesian ideas by suggesting the intra-psychological dynamics through which these societal constraints and values are internalized. Like Hobbes, however, the Freudian view regards helpfulness as alien to human nature and dependent on external rules, norms, and values internalized in childhood.

The third answer to the question why help? falls between the two extremes represented by Rousseau and Hobbes. It is articulated most famously in the writings of English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) (Wood 1992). Locke tells us that we are neither innately concerned with other people nor innately selfish and unconcerned with them. Our nature is neutral. We are born into the world as a proverbial tabula rasa, onto which parents and teachers write a story of solidarity and shared belongingness, or one of selfishness and lack of concern for others. We learn to be good and caring toward others: nine parts of ten of what [people] are good or evil, useful or not [are determined] by their education (John Locke (1796) in Grant and Tarcov 1996, p. 10). Again, if we skip to the twentieth century we can find a psychological parallel - in this case, behaviorism. Applying behavioristic principles to explain generosity toward others, B.F. Skinner (1981), the father of behaviorism, notes that We value [helping] behavior, and indeed reinforce it, by saying Good! (p. 503).
2.1.2 Helping Relations as Hierarchical Relations

The dual nature of helping relations as reflecting solidarity and inequality was noted as early as the fourth century BCE by Aristotle, who coined the concept of megalopsychia, or magnanimity, defined as that crowning ornament of virtues, meaning conferring benefits but being ashamed to receive them as well as to try to outdo one's benefactor in return in order to retain a position of superiority (in Griffin 2013 pp. 18-19).This description captures both the belongingness- and independence-related hierarchical elements in giving and receiving help. While giving to others can be a crowning virtue it can also be an assertion of superiority, and dependency on others is shameful.

Four centuries later, Seneca wrote an essay titled De Beneficiis (On Giving), which would be well received by the Church Fathers and translated into English and French in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Griffin 2013). Seneca highlights the Janus-faced nature of helping by distinguishing between beneficius and munus. Beneficius represents genuine giving that is driven by a concern for the recipient's well-being, where the giver expects no benefits to him- or herself. This giving is captured in the Latin phrase ego illud dedi, ut darem (I gave in order to give). Munus, on the other hand, represents giving that is driven by the desire to gain fame, honor and prestige in return for kindness. The goal of such giving is not to help others but to express the giver's pride; it does not alleviate the pain of others but subdues them (Goux 2002).

Fast-forwarding to the early modern era, German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) notes that people are humiliated by having to depend on others' assistance. Receiving help results in feelings of inferiority and indebtedness and therefore people with a noble spirit refuse assistance from others. Moreover, indebtedness and inferiority can turn into hostility toward the helper and lead the recipient to bite the hand that feeds (Kant 1930). Echoing a similar sentiment, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) describes gift giving as the lust to rule.

In the French-speaking world, two twentieth-century scholars focused on the inequality associated with dependence on others' help. Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002) coined the concept of...
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Autor

ARIE NADLER, PHD is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Tel Aviv University. He has authored more than 100 scholarly papers and chapters and edited 6 scholarly books in Social Psychology. He was the incumbent of the Argentina Chair for Research in Social Psychology, the Head of the Department of Psychology, and the Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Tel Aviv University. He was also the academic director of the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research, and the head of the Institute of Diplomacy and Regional Cooperation at Tel Aviv University.