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Climate Governance in the Arctic

E-BookPDF1 - PDF WatermarkE-Book
452 Seiten
Englisch
Springer Netherlandserschienen am12.03.20102009
Climate change is affecting the Arctic environment and ecosystems at an accelerating speed, twice the rate of the global average. This is opening the Arctic to transportation and resource development and creating serious challenges for local communities and indigenous peoples.



Climate Governance in the Arctic considers two aspects of climate change from an institutional perspective. It focuses on how relevant regimes, institutions and governance systems support mitigation of climate change. It also examines the extent to which the varying governance arrangements in the Arctic support adaptation and the development of adaptation processes for the region. The book's focus on Arctic governance offers unique insights within climate change mitigation and adaptation research.mehr
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E-BookPDF1 - PDF WatermarkE-Book
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Produkt

KlappentextClimate change is affecting the Arctic environment and ecosystems at an accelerating speed, twice the rate of the global average. This is opening the Arctic to transportation and resource development and creating serious challenges for local communities and indigenous peoples.



Climate Governance in the Arctic considers two aspects of climate change from an institutional perspective. It focuses on how relevant regimes, institutions and governance systems support mitigation of climate change. It also examines the extent to which the varying governance arrangements in the Arctic support adaptation and the development of adaptation processes for the region. The book's focus on Arctic governance offers unique insights within climate change mitigation and adaptation research.
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9781402095429
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark
FormatE107
Erscheinungsjahr2010
Erscheinungsdatum12.03.2010
Auflage2009
ReiheEnvironment & Policy
Reihen-Nr.50
Seiten452 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
IllustrationenXX, 452 p.
Artikel-Nr.1443182
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Preface and Acknowledgements;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Abbreviations;12
5;Author Biographies;16
6;1 Climate Governance in the Arctic: Introduction and Theoretical Framework;21
6.1;1.1 Introduction;21
6.2;1.2 Introduction to the Arctic Governance Framework;23
6.2.1;1.2.1 Soft Law in the Arctic;25
6.2.2;1.2.2 Legal Frameworks with Relevance to the Arctic;26
6.3;1.3 Approaches to Mitigate or Adapt to Climate Change Defining the Concepts;29
6.3.1;1.3.1 Mitigation;29
6.3.2;1.3.2 Adaptation and Underlying Capacities;30
6.4;1.4 Legal and Political Science Understandings of Climate Governance;31
6.5;1.5 Organisation of the Book;34
7;Part I Climate Change in the Arctic;44
7.1;to 2 The Climate Change Regime and the Arctic Region;45
7.1.1;2.1 Introduction;45
7.1.2;2.2 Brief History of the Development of the Regime;47
7.1.3;2.3 Mitigation Under the Kyoto Protocol This section is adapted and updated from Doelle, M. (2005, pp. 2959) ;50
7.1.3.1;2.3.1 The Kyoto Mechanisms;51
7.1.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM);52
7.1.3.1.2;2.3.1.2 Joint Implementation (JI);55
7.1.3.1.3;2.3.1.3 Emissions Trading (ET);56
7.1.3.2;2.3.2 Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry;57
7.1.3.3;2.3.3 Reporting, Verification and Compliance;59
7.1.4;2.4 The Climate Change Regime and Adaptation;61
7.1.4.1;2.4.1 Adaptation in the UNFCCC and Kyoto;62
7.1.4.2;2.4.2 Current State of Efforts on Adaptation;63
7.1.5;2.5 The Future of the Climate Change Regime;64
7.1.6;2.6 Conclusion;65
7.2;to 3 The Climate Policy of the Arctic Council;69
7.2.1;3.1 Introduction;69
7.2.2;3.2 Overview of the Development of Arctic Intergovernmental Co-Operation;70
7.2.2.1;3.2.1 The First Phase of the Arctic Cooperation Process: the AEPS Cooperation;71
7.2.2.2;3.2.2 The Second Phase of the Arctic Cooperation Process: the Arctic Council;73
7.2.2.3;3.2.3 The Arctic Council's Working Groups;76
7.2.2.3.1;3.2.3.1 The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP);77
7.2.2.3.2;3.2.3.2 The Protection of Arctic Marine Environment (PAME);78
7.2.2.3.3;3.2.3.3 The Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR);79
7.2.2.3.4;3.2.3.4 The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF);80
7.2.2.3.5;3.2.3.5 The Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG);80
7.2.2.3.6;3.2.3.6 Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP);81
7.2.3;3.3 Arctic Co-Operation and Climate Change;81
7.2.3.1;3.3.1 Climate Change Under the AEPS;82
7.2.3.2;3.3.2 Climate Change Under the Arctic Council;83
7.2.4;3.4 Evaluation;88
7.3;to 4 A Changing Arctic Climate: Science and Policy in the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment;94
7.3.1;4.1 Introduction;94
7.3.1.1;4.1.1 Analytical Points of Departure;96
7.3.1.2;4.1.2 Materials and Methods;97
7.3.2;4.2 The History and Process of the ACIA;98
7.3.3;4.3 The Framing of Arctic Climate Change;102
7.3.4;4.4 Conclusions and Discussion: The Politics of Scale;105
7.3.5;4.5 Summary;108
7.4;to 5 0New Governance0 in the Arctic and Its Role for Supporting Climate Change Adaptation;113
7.4.1;5.1 Introduction;113
7.4.2;5.2 Theoretical Background: Conceptualising Adaptive Capacity;115
7.4.3;5.3 Methodology;117
7.4.4;5.4 Background and Governance Network;118
7.4.4.1;5.4.1 Fit to the Issue of Climate Change;119
7.4.4.2;5.4.2 Interplay Within the Defined Arctic Governance System;121
7.4.4.2.1;5.4.2.1 Vertical and Horizontal Interplay;121
7.4.4.2.2;5.4.2.2 Interplay on Setting the Agenda for Decision-Making;123
7.4.4.2.3;5.4.2.3 Limitations to Interplay;125
7.4.4.3;5.4.3 Redundancy and Slack;126
7.4.4.3.1;5.4.3.1 Redundancy of Tasks and Relations;126
7.4.4.3.2;5.4.3.2 Slack and the Issue of Limited Resources;127
7.4.5;5.5 Conclusion: Perceived Limitations to Adaptive Capacity;129
8;Part II Looking Outwards;133
8.1;to 6 Should the Law Governing Maritime Areas in the Arctic Adapt to Changing Climatic Circumstances?;134
8.1.1;6.1 Introduction;134
8.1.2;6.2 The 1982 Convention;135
8.1.3;6.3 Climate Change;139
8.1.4;6.4 Projected Consequences in the Legal Sphere;140
8.1.5;6.5 Potential Implications of the 1982 Convention in Terms of Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity;141
8.1.5.1;6.5.1 Implications in Terms of Vulnerability;141
8.1.5.1.1;6.5.1.1 Low-Level Implications;141
8.1.5.1.2;6.5.1.2 Medium-Level Implications;143
8.1.5.1.3;6.5.1.3 High-Level Impacts on Vulnerability;145
8.1.5.2;6.5.2 Adaptive Capacity;148
8.1.6;6.6 Conclusions;151
8.2;to 7 Climate Change and Arctic Fisheries;159
8.2.1;7.1 Introduction;159
8.2.2;7.2 Current Arctic Fisheries;161
8.2.3;7.3 Arctic Fisheries and Climate Change;162
8.2.4;7.4 The Law of the Sea in the Arctic Marine Area;163
8.2.5;7.5 International Legal and Policy Framework for Fisheries Management;166
8.2.5.1;7.5.1 Introduction;166
8.2.5.2;7.5.2 Intergovernmental and Other Relevant International Bodies;166
8.2.5.3;7.5.3 International Instruments;169
8.2.5.3.1;7.5.3.1 Introduction;169
8.2.5.3.2;7.5.3.2 LOS Convention;170
8.2.5.3.3;7.5.3.3 Fish Stocks Agreement;170
8.2.5.3.4;7.5.3.4 Constitutive Instruments of RFMOs and Arrangements and Their Conservation and Management Measures;172
8.2.5.3.5;7.5.3.5 Arctic Council Instruments;174
8.2.5.3.6;7.5.3.6 Recent Developments Related to the Law of the Sea;174
8.2.6;7.6 National Regulation;177
8.2.7;7.7 Gaps in the International Legal and Policy Framework and National Regulation and Options for Addressing Them;178
8.2.7.1;7.7.1 Introduction;178
8.2.7.2;7.7.2 Gaps;178
8.2.7.3;7.7.3 Options;179
8.3;to 8 World Heritage Convention, Climate Change and the Arctic;184
8.3.1;8.1 World Heritage Convention System;184
8.3.1.1;8.1.1 Structure;184
8.3.1.2;8.1.2 General Obligations;188
8.3.1.3;8.1.3 The Process;191
8.3.2;8.2 Challenges to the World Heritage System;192
8.3.2.1;8.2.1 Imbalance of the World Heritage List;192
8.3.2.2;8.2.2 Competing Interests;195
8.3.2.3;8.2.3 Climate Change;198
8.3.3;8.3 WHC in the Arctic;201
8.3.3.1;8.3.1 Current Situation;201
8.3.3.2;8.3.2 Climate Change;205
8.3.3.3;8.3.3 View of the Future;207
8.3.4;8.4 Concluding Remarks;214
8.4;to 9 Rethinking the Status of Indigenous Peoples in International Environmental Decision-Making: Pondering the Role of Arctic Indigenous Peoples and the Challenge of Climate Change;219
8.4.1;9.1 Introduction;219
8.4.2;9.2 The Inuit Petition Against the United States;222
8.4.3;9.3 The Right to Participate State Sovereignty vs. The Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples;233
8.4.3.1;9.3.1 The Right to Self-Determination of Indigenous Peoples: Recent Developments;245
8.4.3.1.1;9.3.1.1 The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples;247
8.4.3.1.2;9.3.1.2 The UN Human Rights Committee;253
8.4.4;9.4 Considerations of the Arctic Council Participatory Model and the Possibilities of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues;258
8.4.5;9.5 Concluding Remarks;264
8.5;to 10 The Potential of the Convention on Biological Diversity to Address the Effects of Climate Change in the Arctic;275
8.5.1;10.1 The Effects of Climate Change on Biological Diversity in the Arctic;275
8.5.2;10.2 The CBDs Recognition of the Biodiversity Climate Change Interface;277
8.5.2.1;10.2.1 A Textual Analysis of the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the CBD;279
8.5.2.2;10.2.2 CBD Activities Relevant for the Development of the Climate Change Interface;281
8.5.2.3;10.2.3 Institutional Re-Organization;283
8.5.3;10.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of the CBD Regime with Regard to Climate Change;284
8.5.3.1;10.3.1 Weaknesses of the CBD's Approach to Climate Change;285
8.5.3.2;10.3.2 "Adaptive Capacity" of the CBD with Regard to Climate Change;287
8.5.4;10.4 Improving the CBD Regime with Regard to Climate Change Effects in the Arctic;288
8.5.4.1;10.4.1 Short-Term Pragmatic Improvements;289
8.5.4.2;10.4.2 A Conceptual Note on the Role of Secretariats in Improving Coordination Between the CBD and the UNFCCC;291
8.5.5;10.5 The Need for a Coherent Management of Environmental Regimes in the Arctic;293
9;Part III Looking Inwards;299
9.1;to 11 Is Adaptation Governable in the Arctic? National and Regional Approaches to Arctic Adaptation Governance;300
9.1.1;11.1 Introduction;300
9.1.2;11.2 Adaptation as State Action;301
9.1.3;11.3 The Arctic Concern;305
9.1.4;11.4 Agency-Related Commitments;307
9.1.5;11.5 The National Approaches to Arctic Climate Governmentality;309
9.2;to 12 Mitigation Possibilities in the Energy Sector 0 An Arctic Perspective;313
9.2.1;12.1 Introduction;313
9.2.2;12.2 The Climate Regime;315
9.2.2.1;12.2.1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;315
9.2.2.2;12.2.2 The Kyoto Protocol;316
9.2.2.2.1;12.2.2.1 The Clean Development Mechanism;316
9.2.2.2.2;12.2.2.2 Joint Implementation;318
9.2.2.2.3;12.2.2.3 Emissions Trading;318
9.2.3;12.3 Energy Sector Related Mitigation Possibilities in the Arctic;320
9.2.3.1;12.3.1 Energy Resources and Policies in the Arctic;321
9.2.3.1.1;12.3.1.1 Fossil Fuels;321
9.2.3.1.2;12.3.1.2 Fossil Fuel Climate Change Policies and Measures;323
9.2.3.1.3;12.3.1.3 Carbon-Free Energy;324
9.2.3.1.4;12.3.1.4 Wind;324
9.2.3.1.5;12.3.1.5 Wind Power Policies;325
9.2.3.1.6;12.3.1.6 Water;327
9.2.3.1.7;12.3.1.7 Hydropower Policies;328
9.2.3.1.8;12.3.1.8 "New" Renewables;329
9.2.3.2;12.3.2 Summary: Policy Instruments in Use;330
9.2.4;12.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks;331
9.2.5;12.5 Mitigation Possibilities in the Energy Sector?;332
9.2.5.1;12.5.1 Joint Arctic Forces?;333
9.3;to 13 Climate Change Policy in the Arctic: The Cases of Greenland and Nunavut;337
9.3.1;13.1 Settings;337
9.3.2;13.2 Impacts of Climate Change in Greenland and Nunavut;342
9.3.3;13.3 Dimensions and Challenges of Climate Change Policy in Greenland and Nunavut;343
9.3.4;13.4 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies;346
9.3.5;13.5 Mitigation Strategies and Energy Policies;350
9.3.6;13.6 ICC and Climate Change Agendas of Greenland and Nunavut;352
9.3.7;13.7 Conclusion;356
9.4;to 14 Climate Change and the Regime for the Conservation of Polar Bears;361
9.4.1;14.1 Introduction;361
9.4.2;14.2 Polar Bears and Climate Change;363
9.4.3;14.3 Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears;365
9.4.3.1;14.3.1 Background to the Agreement;365
9.4.3.2;14.3.2 The General Obligations of the Contracting Parties;366
9.4.3.3;14.3.3 The Article II Obligations;367
9.4.3.3.1;14.3.3.1 The Duty to Protect the Ecosystems of Which Polar Bears Are a Part;367
9.4.3.3.2;14.3.3.2 The Duty to Protect Critical Components of Bear Habitat;369
9.4.3.3.3;14.3.3.3 The Duty to Manage Polar Bear Populations;369
9.4.3.4;14.3.4 The Procedural Obligations of the Parties;370
9.4.3.5;14.3.5 The PBSG;371
9.4.3.5.1;14.3.5.1 The PBSG and Discussions of Climate Change;372
9.4.3.6;14.3.6 Recent Developments;373
9.4.3.7;14.3.7 Assessment;375
9.4.3.7.1;14.3.7.1 Mitigation Measures;375
9.4.3.7.2;14.3.7.2 Adaptation Measures;377
9.4.3.7.3;14.3.7.3 Accommodation and Response Measures Within the ACPB Regime;377
9.4.4;14.4 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora;378
9.4.4.1;14.4.1 The Listing Process and the Criteria for Listing;379
9.4.4.2;14.4.2 The Implications of Listing and the No Detriment Finding;381
9.4.4.3;14.4.3 The Periodic Review Process;382
9.4.4.4;14.4.4 CITES and Climate Change;383
9.4.4.5;14.4.5 Assessment;385
9.4.4.5.1;14.4.5.1 Mitigation Measures;385
9.4.4.5.2;14.4.5.2 Adaptation Measures;385
9.4.4.5.3;14.4.5.3 Accommodation and Response Measures Within the CITES System;385
9.4.5;14.5 Conclusions;387
9.5;to 15 Subjective Environmentalism: The Barents Euro-Arctic Council and Its Climate Change Policy;393
9.5.1;15.1 Introduction;393
9.5.2;15.2 History and Identity of the Barents Region;394
9.5.2.1;15.2.1 The Generic Arctic;394
9.5.2.2;15.2.2 The Barents and Its Identity;396
9.5.3;15.3 The Compositional Logic of the BEAC;399
9.5.4;15.4 Climate Change Under the BEAC;400
9.5.5;15.5 Climate Change: The Politics of Threats ;405
9.5.6;15.6 Summation and Conclusion;408
9.6;to 16 Climate Change and the Future of Arctic Governance: A Slushy Seascape and Hard Questions*;413
9.6.1;16.1 Introduction;413
9.6.2;16.2 The Slushy Seascape;414
9.6.2.1;16.2.1 Initiatives Under the Arctic Marine Strategic Plan;415
9.6.2.1.1;16.2.1.1 Conducting a Comprehensive Assessment of Arctic Marine Shipping;415
9.6.2.1.2;16.2.1.2 Examining the Adequacy of the Arctic Council&s Arctic Offshore Oil & Gas Guidelines;417
9.6.2.1.3;16.2.1.3 Identifying Areas for New Guidelines and Code of Practice;419
9.6.2.1.4;16.2.1.4 Promoting Application of the Ecosystem Approach;420
9.6.2.1.5;16.2.1.5 Promoting the Establishment of Protected Areas, Including a Network;421
9.6.2.1.6;16.2.1.6 Considering Revision of the Arctic Council Regional Programme of Action for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities (RPA);422
9.6.2.1.7;16.2.1.7 Calling for Periodic Reviews of International, Regional Agreements, and Standards;422
9.6.2.1.8;16.2.1.8 Promoting Implementation of Contaminant-Related Conventions or Programs and Possible Additional Global and Regional Actions;423
9.6.2.2;16.2.2 Revision of the Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-Covered Waters;423
9.6.2.3;16.2.3 Review of the Arctic Council's Structure;424
9.6.3;16.3 Hard Questions;425
9.6.3.1;16.3.1 Is One or More Legally Binding Regional Agreement Needed?;425
9.6.3.2;16.3.2 If a Shift Towards "Hard" Law Occurs for the Arctic, What Type of Treaty Approach Should Be Followed?;426
9.6.3.3;16.3.3 How Should Arctic Ocean Areas Beyond National Maritime Zones Be Addressed?;428
9.6.3.3.1;16.3.3.1 Law of the Sea Approach;428
9.6.3.3.2;16.3.3.2 Regional Sui Generis Approach;429
9.6.3.3.3;16.3.3.3 Multilateral Arctic Ocean Agreement;429
9.6.3.3.4;16.3.3.4 Global Approaches;430
9.6.3.3.5;16.3.3.5 Complications of State Views and International Processes Addressing High Seas Governance;430
9.6.4;16.4 Conclusion;431
9.7;to 17 Conclusions on Climate Governance in the Arctic;438
9.7.1;17.1 Introduction;438
9.7.2;17.2 Who is Charged with Adaptation and Mitigation?;438
9.7.3;17.3 Which Adaptive and Mitigative Actions Are Being Targeted?;443
9.7.4;17.4 Means for Adaptation and Mitigation;444
9.7.5;17.5 Are Suggested Actions Able to Support Expressed Aims for Adaptation and Mitigation?;445
9.7.6;17.6 Conclusion;447
9.7.6.1;17.6.1 Potential Ways Forward;449
10;Index;453mehr

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