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The History of the International Polar Years (IPYs)

E-BookPDF1 - PDF WatermarkE-Book
320 Seiten
Englisch
Springer Berlin Heidelbergerschienen am02.09.20102010
Although international scientific cooperation - particularly in meteorology - was established previous to the first International Polar Year, the IPY-1 (1882-83) is considered to be the first revolutionary step towards an extensive international cooperation in the polar areas for the benefit of science rather than national prestige and territorial gain. This was followed by IPY-2 (1932-33) and IPY-3 - actually the International Geophysical Year (1957-58) - before the crowning effort of IPY-4 (2007-08). The history of these years is recounted here and explains the political, economic, technical and scientific conditions and expectations that laid the basis for each IPY and which gradually expanded both the scope and extent of our understanding of the complexities in polar regionsmehr
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Produkt

KlappentextAlthough international scientific cooperation - particularly in meteorology - was established previous to the first International Polar Year, the IPY-1 (1882-83) is considered to be the first revolutionary step towards an extensive international cooperation in the polar areas for the benefit of science rather than national prestige and territorial gain. This was followed by IPY-2 (1932-33) and IPY-3 - actually the International Geophysical Year (1957-58) - before the crowning effort of IPY-4 (2007-08). The history of these years is recounted here and explains the political, economic, technical and scientific conditions and expectations that laid the basis for each IPY and which gradually expanded both the scope and extent of our understanding of the complexities in polar regions
Details
Weitere ISBN/GTIN9783642124020
ProduktartE-Book
EinbandartE-Book
FormatPDF
Format Hinweis1 - PDF Watermark
FormatE107
Erscheinungsjahr2010
Erscheinungsdatum02.09.2010
Auflage2010
ReiheFrom Pole to Pole
Seiten320 Seiten
SpracheEnglisch
IllustrationenXII, 320 p. 98 illus., 36 illus. in color.
Artikel-Nr.1718736
Rubriken
Genre9200

Inhalt/Kritik

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1;Preface to Series;5
2;Letter from the Editorial Team;7
3;Contents;9
4;Contributors;11
5;1 The First Three Polar Years A General Overview;12
5.1;1.1 The First Polar Year, 1882--1883;14
5.2;1.2 The Second Polar Year, 1932--1933;14
5.3;1.3 The International Geophysical Year, 1957--1958;16
5.4;References;17
6;2 The International Polar Year 1882--1883;18
6.1;2.1 Introduction;18
6.2;2.2 The Organization and Effectuation of the Polar Year;20
6.3;References;41
7;3 The Expeditions of the First International Polar Year;45
7.1;3.1 Introduction;45
7.2;3.2 The Austro-Hungarian Station on Jan Mayen;46
7.3;3.3 Denmark's Station at Godthaab, Greenland;50
7.4;3.4 The Finnish Stations;52
7.4.1;3.4.1 Sodankylä;52
7.4.2;3.4.2 Kultala;55
7.4.3;3.4.3 An Extra Year;55
7.4.4;3.4.4 Results;55
7.5;3.5 The French Station at Cabo de Hornos - Cape Horn;56
7.6;3.6 The German Stations;60
7.6.1;3.6.1 Kingua (Clearwater) Fjord, Baffin Island;60
7.6.2;3.6.2 South Georgia;64
7.6.3;3.6.3 German Auxiliary Expedition to the Labrador Coast;68
7.7;3.7 Great Britain at Fort Rae, Canada;69
7.8;3.8 The Netherlands - Beset in the Ice of the Kara Sea;73
7.8.1;3.8.1 The Beginning;73
7.8.2;3.8.2 Financial Support;74
7.8.3;3.8.3 The Dutch Polar Expedition;75
7.8.4;3.8.4 Into the Ice;77
7.8.5;3.8.5 On the Home Front;80
7.8.6;3.8.6 The Results;81
7.9;3.9 The Norwegian Stations;82
7.9.1;3.9.1 Bossekop;82
7.9.2;3.9.2 Sophus Tromholt;84
7.10;3.10 The Russian Polar Stations;86
7.10.1;3.10.1 The Polar Station in the Lena Delta;90
7.10.2;3.10.2 The Polar Station in Novaya Zemlya;96
7.11;3.11 The Swedish Expedition to Svalbard;99
7.12;3.12 USA The American Expeditions;104
7.12.1;3.12.1 Lady Franklin Bay, Canada;104
7.12.2;3.12.2 Point Barrow, Alaska;111
7.12.3;3.12.3 Lucien Turner at Fort Chimo, Ungava Bay, Canada;114
7.13;References;114
8;4 An Evaluation of the Achievements of the First International Polar Year;118
8.1;4.1 Introduction;118
8.2;4.2 Presentism - or Reading the Present into the Past;119
8.3;4.3 Facilities and Instruments;121
8.4;4.4 Process of Observation and Sources of Error;122
8.5;4.5 The Primacy of Inductivism as an Ideal of Science and Way of Life;123
8.6;4.6 The Question of Leadership - Coordination Is Not the Same as Cooperation and Integrative Efforts in Research;126
8.7;4.7 (Under-) Utilisation of the Results;127
8.8;4.8 Incidental Findings;131
8.9;4.9 Conclusion;133
8.10;References;134
9;5 International Cooperation in Antarctica 1901--1904;136
9.1;References;142
10;6 The Second International Polar Year 1932--1933;144
10.1;References;178
11;7 Some IPY-2 Histories;183
11.1;7.1 14 Months in the Arctic - The Austrian Polar Expedition to Jan Mayen 1932--1933;183
11.2;7.2 The French Expedition to Greenland;191
11.3;7.3 The Dutch Contribution to the Second International Polar Year 1932--1933;192
11.3.1;7.3.1 The Dutch IPY-Station in Ammassalik;194
11.3.2;7.3.2 First Biological Research in an IPY;196
11.3.3;7.3.3 The Dutch IPY Aerological Station at Reykjavik;196
11.3.4;7.3.4 Conclusions;197
11.4;7.4 Norwegian Participation;198
11.5;7.5 Island of Fogs and Gales - The First Polish Expedition to Bjrnya (Bear Island) during IPY-2;202
11.5.1;7.5.1 Preparation;202
11.5.2;7.5.2 The Expedition to Bear Island;205
11.5.3;7.5.3 Results;213
11.6;7.6 Sweden in Svalbard;213
11.7;References;217
12;8 Achievements of the Second International Polar Year;219
12.1;8.1 Introduction;219
12.2;8.2 Significance of the Organizational Framework of IPY-2 for the Quality of Its Results;221
12.3;8.3 Essential Tension Between Research and Monitoring;227
12.4;8.4 Logistics and Instrumentation;229
12.5;8.5 Epistemology: A Combination of Inductivism and Hypothesis-Driven Research;231
12.6;8.6 Results and la Cours Quest to Ensure a Legacy;235
12.7;Appendix: Carrnegie Institute of Washington, DC: Archive Material Gathered 1931--1936;238
12.8;References;240
13;9 Origins of the International Geophysical Year;243
13.1;References;246
14;10 The IPY-3: The International Geophysical Year (1957--1958);247
14.1;10.1 Geopolitics of the International Geophysical Year (1957--1958): The Case of Antarctica;247
14.1.1;10.1.1 The IGY Antarctic Conference, Paris, 1955;249
14.1.2;10.1.2 The IGY and Antarctica;250
14.1.3;10.1.3 The Road to Washington;250
14.2;10.2 Argentina and Chile;251
14.3;10.3 Assault on the Interior - Establishing the IGY Soviet Antarctic Inner-Continental Stations;254
14.3.1;10.3.1 Introduction;254
14.3.2;10.3.2 Preparations;256
14.3.3;10.3.3 The Attempts;258
14.3.4;10.3.4 Partial Success;260
14.3.5;10.3.5 The Last Hurdle;261
14.4;References;263
15;11 The Achievements of the IGY;266
15.1;11.1 IGY Research;266
15.1.1;11.1.1 Scope of the IGY;267
15.1.2;11.1.2 The Antarctic Focus;268
15.1.3;11.1.3 New Technologies, Instruments and Scientific Avenues;269
15.1.4;11.1.4 Atmospheric and Cryospheric Processes;270
15.1.5;11.1.5 The World's Oceans;272
15.1.6;11.1.6 Incidental Biological Studies;274
15.1.7;11.1.7 Concluding Remark;275
15.2;11.2 The International Geophysical Year (IGY) and the Antarctic Treaty - The Interface of Science and Law;275
15.2.1;11.2.1 Overview;275
15.2.2;11.2.2 Antarctica before the IGY;277
15.2.3;11.2.3 The IGY Scientific Revolution;278
15.2.4;11.2.4 The Treaty Regime and Science;281
15.3;References and Further Reading;283
16;12 Side-Effects and Traces of the Early IPYs;286
16.1;12.1 Archaeological Remains;286
16.1.1;12.1.1 IPY-1;286
16.1.2;12.1.2 Examples of IPY-2 Stations;292
16.1.3;12.1.3 IPY-3/IGY;294
16.2;12.2 Original Scientific Data and Instrumentation as Historical Artefacts;296
16.3;12.3 Creative Reflections;297
16.4;12.4 To Give all for Science;298
16.5;12.5 The Wider Heritage;301
16.6;References;302
17;13 International Meteorological and Magnetic Co-operations in Polar Regions;304
18;14 Why Do We Have a 4th IPY?;306
18.1;14.1 Scientific Plan of IPY 2007--2008;308
18.2;14.2 Initial Ideas and Expressions of Interest;309
18.3;14.3 From Ideas to Projects;310
18.4;14.4 Extending the Science Plan Across Three Years;312
18.5;14.5 The Full and Final IPY Science Plan;313
18.6;14.6 Participating Countries;315
18.7;14.7 A Focus on Northern Residents and Indigenous Partners;317
18.8;14.8 Summary;319
18.9;References;319
19;Index;320mehr